Viridans group streptococci (VGS), normal inhabitant of oral cavity, are involved in a number of oral and extra-oral diseases. Among oral diseases, dental caries is the most common public health problem throughout the world. The cariogenicity of oral streptococci is attributed to their acidogenic potential and glucan (extracellular polysaccharide) production. For the study, 552 subjects were selected at random from different localities of Karachi, Pakistan. The subjects were categorized as carious (29.5%, 163) and non-carious (70.5%, 389) with respect to prevalence of dental caries. The carious and non-carious subjects were further categorized with respect to sex and sociodemographic characteristics i.e. age (<20, 21-40, 41-60, 61-80 and 81-100 years), socioeconomic status (SES) based on monthly income (low, middle and high), marital status (married and unmarried), dietary habits [daily consumption of vegetable, meat, fruit, mixed diet (vegetable and meat), milk and milk products], use of tobacco products, use of betel quid products, chewing habits, use of tea and oral hygiene practices. Overall, the prevalence of dental caries was found higher in males (58.9%, 96/163) as compared to females (41.1%, 67/163). The same higher trend of prevalence of dental caries was observed for all categories with respect to sociodemographic characteristics except age where prevalence of dental caries was higher in female of 61-80 years age group. In the present study, 525 isolates belonging to 09 different species of VGS were obtained from oral cavity of 552 subjects. Streptococcus anginosus was the most abundant (53.5%) followed by S. mutans (14.5%), S. mitis (11.4%), S. uberis (6.5%), S. intermedius (4.6%), S. sanguinis (3.8%), S. oralis (3.4%), S. salivarius (1.3%) and S. acidominimus (1%). A preliminary screening to determine the glucan producing potential of all isolates of VGS was performed. Out of 525 isolates, 41.5% were glucan producers while 58.5% were glucan non-producers. Species-wise comparison revealed the highest frequency of S. mutans (80.3%) exhibiting glucan producing potential followed by S. oralis (61.1%), S. intermedius (50%), S. anginosus (36.7%), S. mitis (35%) and S. salivarius (14.9%). None of the isolates of S. uberis and S. acidominimus showed the ability to produce glucan. The frequency of isolates having glucan producing potential was observed higher from carious subjects (46.3%) as compared to non-carious subjects (39.1%). Whereas, species-wise distribution of isolates indicated that the prominent glucan producing species were S. sanguinis (100%, 3/3) and S. mutans (76%, 22/29) from carious and S. mutans (83%, 39/47) from non-carious subjects. The glucan producing potential of VGS was also estimated quantitatively. S. sanguinis produced largest quantity (276.2 mg mean, 206.2-324.6 range) followed by S. mutans (143.5 mg mean, 43.5-521.1 range). The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of 525 isolates of VGS was also evaluated against 24 antibiotics viz., penicillin, amoxicillin, cephalothin, cefazolin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, imipenem, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, trimethoprim, azithromycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, doxycycline, tetracycline, gentamicin, streptomycin, tobramycin, teicoplanin, vancomycin, rifampin and linezolid. The highest incidence of resistance (48.4%) was observed against erythromycin. Overall, 39.2% isolates were susceptible to all the antibiotics used for the study. The emergence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) was noted among remaining 60.8% isolates. The resistance rate was observed as 5.5% isolatesresistant to 1 antibiotic, 4% isolates to 2 antibiotics, 6.3% to 3, 3.2% to 4, 2.5% to 5, 5% to 6, 2.9% to 7, 2% to 8, 4.2% to 9, 1.7% to 10, 2.1% each to 11 and 16, 2.7% to 12, 6% to 13, 2.9% to 14, 4% to 15, 2% to 17, 0.4% each to 18, 21 and 24, 0.8% to 19 and 0.2% to 20 antibiotics. In the present study, the in vitro antibacterial activities of oil, aqueous infusion and aqueous decoction of clove buds (Eugenia caryophyllata) and aqueous infusion and aqueous decoction of miswak (Salvadora persica) were determined against isolates having glucan producing potential viz., S. anginosus (19), S. mutans (10), S. mitis (14), S. intermedius (10), S. sanguinis (10), S. oralis (10) and S. salivarius (07). The highest antibacterial activity was noted for clove oil as all the isolates were found susceptible. It exhibited strong antibacterial activity against S. mutans (20.2mm mean zone of inhibition±3.4SD) from carious subjects and S. sanguinis (17.7mm mean zone of inhibition ±1.1SD) from non-carious subjects. The aqueous decoction of clove buds exhibited the highest zone of inhibition against S. mutans obtained from carious subjects (16.8mm±3.4SD) followed by non-carious subjects (14.3mm±2.3SD). The aqueous infusion of clove buds showed the highest zone of inhibition against S. mutans isolated from carious (13.2mm±3.2SD) and non-carious (13.6mm±4.2SD) subjects. Aqueous infusion and aqueous decoction of miswak failed to inhibit the tested VGS. The MICs and MBCs of the clove oil, aqueous infusion and decoction of buds of clove against VGS was recorded as 5 – 0.625%, 5% and 5 – 2.5%, respectively. The effect of clove oil and aqueous infusion of miswak was also evaluated on glucan production. The VGS isolates producing large amount of glucan were selected for the study. The effects of different concentrations of clove oil (0.5%, 0.25%, 0.125%, 0.0625% and 0.0313%) and aqueous infusion of miswak (10%, 8%, 5%, 2.5%, 1.25% and 0.5%) was assessed for the synthesis of glucan. The different concentrations of herbs preparations exhibited varying degree of reduction in glucan production. Clove oil was more effective and reduced the formation of glucan to approximately 80% in a dose dependent manner.
مولانا رسول خان لاہور کی ایک اطلاع سے یہ معلوم کرکے بہت افسوس اور دکھ ہواکہ حضرت الاستاذ مولانا رسول خاں صاحب بھی انتقال کرگئے۔ انتقال کے وقت عمر ایک سوچار یا پانچ کے لگ بھگ ہوگی۔ راقم الحروف کی طالبعلمی کے زمانہ میں اگرچہ دارالعلوم دیوبند کاہراستاداپنے فن میں ماہر اورکامل تھا لیکن چاراساتذہ ایسے تھے جو اپناجواب نہیں رکھتے تھے اوراربابِ علم کے حلقوں میں ان کی شہرت کاطوطی بولتا تھا ۔حدیث میں حضرتنا الاستاذ مولانا محمدانور شاہؒ الکشمیری ،ادب میں مولانا محمد اعزاز علی صاحبؒ ،منطق میں مولانا محمدابراہیم صاحب بلیاوی اورفلسفہ میں مولانا رسول خاں صاحب رحمہم اﷲ رحمۃ ً واسعۃً۔چنانچہ راقم نے جس سال منطق کی آخری کتابیں حمدؔاﷲ اورقاضی مولانا محمدابراہیم صاحب سے پڑھی تھیں اسی برس فلسفہ کی اعلیٰ کتابیں صدرا اورشمس بازغہ مولانا رسول خاں صاحب سے پڑھیں، یہ دونوں استاد کتاب نہیں بلکہ فن پڑھاتے تھے ۔طالب علم نے کیا اورکتنی عبارت پڑھیں ہے اس سے ان کوکوئی واسطہ نہیں ہوتا تھا۔طالب علم عبارت پڑھتے پڑھتے رک گیا یاانھوں نے ہی رکو ادیا تواب کتاب کودیکھے بغیر منہ اٹھا کر تقریر شروع کردی۔ اﷲ اکبر! یہ تقریر کیاتھی،معلوم ہوتا تھا کہ علم وفن کے سمندر میں طوفان اٹھ آیا ہے اور موجیں ہیں کہ ایک دوسرے سے ٹکرارہی ہیں۔اس تقریر میں نفس مسئلہ کی وضاحت ہوتی تھی اوراس کے بعد اختلافات کامِع دلائل بیان اور پھران پر تنقید وجرح اورمذہب حق کی ترجیح اوراس کے وجوہ۔ پھران دونوں حضرات کے درس کی ایک مشترکہ خصوصیت یہ بھی تھی کہ تقریر بڑے اطمینان اورسکون سے کرتے تھے۔ اس میں نہ عجلت پسندی ہوتی نہ گھبراہٹ اور نہ کہیں زورشور! البتہ فرق یہ تھاکہ مولانا محمدابراہیم صاحب بڑے شگفتہ مزاج، خوش تقریر اور بزلہ سنج بھی تھے ،اس لیے ڈبیاسے نکال کر پان کھاتے جاتے اورموقع موقع سے کچھ مزاحیہ...
Objective: The study was designed to estimate the prevailing percentage of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) using Boston Carpal tunnel syndrome questionnaire (BCTSQ) in the dexterous population and to assess its severity.
Study Design: This was a Cross-sectional survey.
Study Settings and Participants: The study setting was Karachi where 226 Dexterous workers including; musicians, typist, dentists, butchers office workers, working for more than 1 year were recruited using non-probability convenience sampling.
Outcome Measures: Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Questionnaire.
Results: This study enrolled 226 participants, 140 (61.9%) of which were males and 86 (38.1%) were females with mean age of 34.05±10.93. Out of the total 25 were diagnosed with CTS in which, 10 (40%) were males and 15 (60%) were females with mean age of 37.60±14.41. Hence, the prevalence of CTS among dexterous population was found to be 11.06%.
Conclusion: The results of our study revealed that CTS is a prevalent neuromuscular disorder among dexterous population. The severity level varies among the population. More epidemiological studies are required to get the approximate value to promote ergonomic awareness.
Background: Rubella virus when it infects a non-pregnant adult or child usually causes a mild febrile rash illness. However, infection in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy causes miscarriages, stillbirths or foetal anomalies known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). Factors associated with rubella immunity include age and parity. No studies have been done to isolate the association of parity independent of age.
Objectives: To determine the seroprevalence of rubella IgG antibodies among nulliparous and multiparous women of the same age-group attending various clinics in Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi,
Design: A cross-sectional study of women attending a tertiary hospital, Nairobi, Kenya.
Subjects and methods: Eligible participants were multiparous and nulliparous women aged between 30 and 34 years, recruited sequentially. The rubella IgG antibody was tested using a commercial ELISA Kit. Fischer exact test and Chi square was used to compare the two groups. Logistic regression was used to explore the association.
Results: A total of 300 women who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled into the study. There was no difference in seropositivity between the multiparous (87%) and the nulliparous group (88%), P=0.81. The overall rubella seroprevalence was 87%. Variation in seropositivity was noted from place of birth, ranging from 82% in Coast to 100% in Western province, though the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.81). None of the socio-demographic and obstetrical factors included in the study questionnaire were associated with seronegativity for rubella in the univariate and multivariate analysis.
Conclusions: Thirteen percent of the participants were seronegative, translating to a significant number of women in childbearing age susceptible to rubella virus and subsequent CRS. Seronegativity did not correlate with the socio-demographic and obstetrical factors. Regular rubella testing and promotion of wider coverage of vaccination recommended, since there seems to be no benefit in targeting one group over the other.