BACKGROUND OF RESEARCH: Herbal medicines have been used for thousands of years. The practice continues today because of its biomedical benefits and place in cultural believes in many parts of the world. The economic reality of the inaccessibility of modern medications for many societies has also played a major role in the broad use of herbal medicines. The World Health Organization has recognized the contribution and value of the herbal medicines used by a large segment of world’s population. A growing interest in usage has created the need for greater precision in preparation and evaluation and has stimulated research into herbal medicines’ various uses and applications. AIMS OF RESEARCH: This study was carried out on the pharmacological and toxicological screening of ethanol: water (1:1) extract of leaves of Carissa carandas (Auct.) and a Poly Herbal Product Mufarreh Yaqooti Motadil (Hamdard Laboratories (Waqf.) Pakistan), and comparative study of these with allopathic medicines. This Herbal product also contains extracts from animal and mineral origin. It has been used traditionally for the treatment of different cardiovascular disorders particularly it has cardio tonic property. But the use was not having any scientific evidences or data for the mechanism of action to prove its efficacy and safety. RESEARCH METHADOLOGY: In this effort we planned to evaluate the In vivo and In vitro the pharmacodynamic study of this drug on different cardiovascular parameters. Another Aquous:Ethanol (1:1) extract of Carissa Carandas leaves was also used for screening and following parameters were studied in different doses by precise methods: i. Effect of tested samples on Blood pressure using invasive method of I.V. cannulation on Sprague Dawley Rats, using four channel Recorder. ii. Comparative study with the synthetic drugs for hypotensive effect. iii. Determination of mechanism of action for Hypotensive activity. XIII iv. Diuretic activity of the tested materials on healthy male and female Sprague Dawley rats. v. Comparison of the diuretic effect with the conventionally used allopathic medicine, Furosemide. vi. Effect of the tested samples on different Cardiac parameters using Intact Heart, model of Frogs (Rana cyanophlictis). vii. Determination of mechanism of action for cardiac activity. viii. Comparison of these cardiac parameters with Digoxin using Intact Heart model of Frog. ix. Cardiac activity of tested samples by invasive method of Langendorf’s Assembly of Isolated Heart, using heart models of Rabbits (Oryctolagus cunniculus). x. Antihyperlipidaemic Activity of the tested samples on rats by the method of histopathological study of organs like Heart, Liver, Kidney and Spleen for structural changes xi. Biochemical screening of serum for different chemicals like Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Total Protein, Creatinine Uric acid etc., and enzymes like ALAT, ASAT, Alkaline Phosphatase, etc., for functional changes of the organs in these models. xii. Toxicological studies of the tested samples for the Safety Evaluation of these herbal products after Acute (for determination of LD50), Sub acute and Chronic use of drugs in NMRI Mice and Sprague Dawley Rats. xiii. Histopathological and Biochemical Screening for structural and functional changes respectively, in Rat models for safety evaluation. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION: The Drug and extract has shown very significant results for pharmacological activity on cardio vascular system.The toxicological studies of the extract and drug on treated animals showed that, they are very safe in acute treatment even with a very high dose i.e., 5000mg/kg which did not show any mortality. The high dose was also used for Sub acute and chronic toxicity testing and was found to have no toxic effects except some adverse effects on liver, spleen and kidneys, only by Chronic administration of Carisssa carandas leaves extract in very high dose, as demonstrated by Biochemical and Histopathological evaluations. Other Poly Herbal Drug Product did not show any toxic effects. It is suggested that further studies for the Pharmaceutical preparation of a product form this extract should be performed in doses less than 5000mg/kg. That will help to introduce a potent, safe and cost effective drug for our people suffering from cardiovascular disorders
رسالہ ان مطبوعات کو کہتے ہیں جو وقفے وقفے سے بار بار شائع ہوتے ہیں۔ رسالے کو مجلہ یا جریدہ بھی کہتے ہیں۔کچھ رسائل پندرہ روزہ ، ماہانہ ، دوماہی، سہ ماہی، ششماہی اور سالانہ ہوتے ہیں۔تحقیقی وادبی رسائل اپنے عہد کے تخلیقی سفر کے اہم ترین دستاویزات شمار ہوتے ہیں۔جہاں وہ ایک طرف اہل قلم کے نگار شات سے قارئین کو استفادہ کا موقع دیتے ہیں۔ وہاں ناقدین ، مؤرخین اور محققین کے لیے بھی ایسا مواد فراہم کرتے ہیں۔ جس سے کسی مخصوص عہد کے ادبی و تحقیقی رجحانات کا اندازہ لگایا جا سکتا ہے۔
اردو زبان وادب کے ارتقا میں ادبی و تحقیقی رسائل نے ہمیشہ بنیادی کردار ادا کیا ہے۔ادبی رسائل عوام کی ذہنی تربیت میں ایک مؤثر اور فعال کے قوت کے طور پر کام کرتے ہیں۔آج کا ادب جب ماضی کا حصہ بن جاتا ہے۔ تو ادبی رسالہ ہی اس خزینے کو تحفظ عطا کرتاہے۔ اور یہ تنقید و تحقیق کے لیے بنیادی ماخذ کی حیثیت اختیار کرجاتاہے۔
Here are two opposing views of scholars and different religions regarding the permission or non-permission of war on the basis of honor and lawfulness of human life. The Hindus and Jews legalize war, whereas the Buddhists and Christians consider it illegal. Islam follows the middle path and attributes the legality of war to its purpose because only the purpose tells the righteousness or wrongfulness of any deed. Islam has prevented from all those purposes that eliminate the cause of Allah Almighty from war. Islam does not legalize war for any worldly purpose so the pursuit of fame, kingship, booty, conquering another land or national or personal revenge is not legal. Jihad has been enjoined for the elimination of hurdles in the path of Allah. It clarifies the policy of Islam that war is not an end but it is a means to an end. Today the west is doing propaganda against Islam that Islam spread through sword and the concept of jihad is being related to terrorism. The purposes of jihad should be kept in mind in order to understand the philosophy of jihad. The aim of this paper is to highlight the purposes of jihad and its importance. Views of various scholars have been observed in this study along with references from Quran and Hadith.
Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are soft bodied, sexually dimorphic, hemimetabolous insects with sucking mouthparts. There are a number of pest mealybug species in Pakistan, but citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri and cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis are relatively more important as they cause significant damage to fruit gardens and crop plants, respectively. P. citri is a phloem feeder and has a very broad plant host range. Loss of plant vigor and stunting are characteristic symptoms, but P. citri also reduces fruit quality and causes fruit drop leading to significant yield reductions. P. citri secretes honey dew and wax onto plant surfaces allowing for sooty mold development, and infestations can result in rejecting plants shipped for trade. Similarly, P. solenopsis is considered a highly invasive pest of agricultural and horticultural crops feeding on a wide variety of plants from an estimated 246 plant families. Cotton mealybug emerged as a serious pest in Pakistan during 2005-2006 when it caused significant losses to cotton crop. P. solenopsis feeds on all parts of plants especially on tender shoots, leaves joining the stem or along the leaf veins. Its massive reproduction on plants causes distortion, weakening, defoliation, die back and even death of susceptible plants. P. solenopsis also secretes honeydew that causes growth of sooty molds. Although genetically modified (GM) crops have proved successful in controlling chewing insects, they have generally failed to control sucking insects. One reason of this failure is considered the mode of feeding of sap sucking insects. Success of GM crops against chewing insects has highlighted the importance of biotechnology options to control sucking insects. RNA interference (RNAi) is an emerging tool for functional genomics studies and is being investigated as a practical tool for highly targeted insect control. RNAi acts at mRNA level thus impeding translation to proteins, and if vital genes are targeted, insect development can be hampered and mortality can be achieved. Here I investigated whether RNAi effects can be induced in P. citri and P. solenopsis and whether candidate genes could be identified as possible targets for RNAi-based mealybug control. RNAi effects were induced in P. citri, as demonstrated by specific target reductions of P. citri β-actin, chitin synthase 1 and V-ATPase mRNAs after injection of the corresponding specific double-stranded RNA inducers. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was used as a vector to express these RNAi effectors in N. benthamiana plants. It was found that P. citri exposed to recombinant TMV-infected plants showed lower fecundity and pronounced nymphal mortality. Further, these phenotypic results were confirmed by target mRNA reduction through qRT-PCR. Similarly, Potato virus X (PVX) was used as a vector to express RNAi effectors in Nicotiana tabacum against P. solenopsis chitin synthase 1 (PsCHS1), V-ATPase (PsV- ATPase) and bursicon (PsBur) as target genes. It was found that RNAi effects can be induced in P. solenopsis through feeding on N. tabacum inoculated with recombinant PVX vector with all three genes (PsCHS1, PsBur and PsV-ATPase) as was revealed by reduction in mRNA levels and phenotypic effects like physical deformities, mortality and reduced fecundity. Taken together, the data suggests that β-actin, chitin synthase 1, V-ATPase and bursicon are potential targets for RNAi against P. citri and P. solenopsis, and that recombinant TMV and PVX are effective tools for evaluating candidate RNAi effectors in plants against phloem feeders.