اثر صہبائی
اثر صہبائی (۱۹۰۱۔۱۹۶۱ئ) کا اصل نام خواجہ عبد السمیع پال تھا۔ اثر ؔسیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ اثرؔ کے بزرگوں نے کشمیر سے ہجرت کی تھی اور سیالکوٹ میں آباد ہوئے تھے۔ آپ نے گورنمنٹ کالج لاہور سے ایم۔ اے فلسفہ اور ایل ایل بی کیا۔ ۱۹۳۱ء میں ان کی رفیقہ حیات ان سے جدا ہو گئیں تو افسردگی ‘ تاریکی اور مایوسی کے بادل ان کی زندگی پر چھا گئے۔ ۱۹۳۴ء میں آپ اس غم و اندوہ کی یورش سے گھبرا کر سری نگر کشمیر چلے گئے۔ کشمیر میں ان دنوں ادبی مجلسیں اور ادبی نشستیں ہو رہی تھیں جن میں ڈاکٹر عبد الحکیم‘ نواب جعفر خان اثر لکھنوی‘ ڈاکٹر تاثیر اور پنڈت برج موہن دتاتر یہ کیفی دہلوی جیسے شعراء و ادبا شرکت کرتے تھے۔ اثر ان ادبی محفلوں کے روح رواں ہوتے تھے۔ آپ نے کشمیر ہائی کورٹ میں قائد اعظم کے ساتھ جونیئر وکیل کی حیثیت سے بھی کام کیا۔ قائد اعظم نے مقدمہ جیتنے کے بعد صہبائی کی محنت کو سراہا۔ (۳۴۵)
اثرؔ صہبائی کی پہلی تصنیف ’’جامِ صہبائی‘‘ ہے۔ قطعات و رباعیات پر مشتمل یہ شعری مجموعہ ۱۹۲۸ء میں دارالتالیف بیڈن روڈ لاہور سے طبع ہوا۔
’’خمستان‘‘ اثر کا دوسرا مجموعہ کلام ہے جو غزلوں‘ نظموں‘ قطعات و رباعیات اور متفرق اشعار پر مشتمل ہے۔ اس کا پہلا ایڈیشن ۱۹۳۳ء میں آزاد بک ڈپو سیالکوٹ سے شائع ہوا۔ اثر ؔکا تیسرا شعری مجموعہ ’’جامِ طہور‘‘ ۱۹۳۷ء کو تاج کمپنی لمیٹڈ لاہور نے طبع کیا۔ اس مجموعے میں رباعیات اور قطعات ہیں۔ ’’راحت کدہ‘‘ اثر ؔکا چوتھا شعری مجموعہ ہے جو ۱۹۴۲ء میں تاج کمپنی لمیٹڈ لاہور کے زیر اہتمام طبع ہو کر شائع ہوا۔’’ راحت کدہ ‘‘حضرت اثر صہبائی کے اس کلام پر مشتمل ہے جو انہوں نے اپنی جواں مرگ رفیقہ حیات راحت کی موت سے متاثر ہو کر...
To maintain and enhance social peace and mutual interaction among people it is mandatory to resolve their mutual conflicts. The eradication of mutual conflicts and working for reconciliation is obligatory on the Muslims. Al-mighty Allah has declared reconciliation and resolution of conflicts among all the Muslims as legitimate action. There are numerous verses of the Holy Quran and Hadith of the Prophet where Muslims have been ordered for reconciliation aiming to promote brotherhood and peace in society. The main rationale behind this is to bring harmony and peace in the social order of life. What are the pre-requisites of reconciliation from Sharia’s perspective, in which conflict reconciliation is permissible and in which cases it is not allowed. This study emphasizes to answer the above mentioned question. Furthermore, efforts have been made to provide a sharia’s foundation for those who are involved in the process of reconciliation in the form of Taḥkīm. This will not only encourage them, but will help in the maintenance of peace in the society. Similarly, a comparison will also be made between the merits and demerits of Pakhtūn’s traditional reconciliation process, and important suggestions will be made to make the Pakhtūn’s traditional reconciliation process more productive and valuable.
Boron is one of the essential micronutrients for the plants. Availability of boron to the plant is affected by various boron forms and distribution. Understanding boron chemistry, knowledge of boron forms distribution and their relation to soil properties are indispensable. The contribution of various soil boron forms resulting in its availability, spatial variability and boron fertilization in the apple orchard has never been extensively examined in arid elevated plains of Baluchistan province. It was hypothesized that soil properties affect on soil boron forms distribution and yield and quality of apple. The objectives were to (i) establish the relationship between physico-chemical properties and soil B forms, (ii) evaluate the spatial variability of various boron forms in the surveyed area, (iii) assess the impact of boron fertilization on yield and quality of apple. Ninety georeferenced soil samples from apple orchards of surface and subsurface were collected from Pishin, Baluchistan. Seventy to eighty foliage samples from nonfruit bearing terminals of associated trees were collected. The soil was characterized for pH, CaCO3, organic matter, texture and extractable boron. Soil boron was fractionated into readily soluble, specifically adsorbed, oxide bound, organically bound and residual. A field experiment was carried out at three Bdeficient locations (Barshore, Hurmzae, Khanozae). Variable soil boron rates, i.e., 0, 10, 12, 14 and 16 g tree-1 with the basal recommended dose of N, P and K were applied. Extractable boron was positively influenced by soil organic matter and clay content. Readily soluble was positively correlated with clay and soil organic matter while specifically adsorbed showed positive influence with clay content. Oxide bound, organically bound and residual boron were related positively by clay and organic matter. Regression equation relating to boron forms with soil properties revealed that soil pH, CaCO3, organic matter and clay account the variability in soil boron forms. Spatial structure of sand, silt, clay, organic matter, pH, calcium carbonate and extractable boron were best described by the spherical model indicating medium spatial dependence while clay exhibited strongly spatial dependent on surface and subsurface soil respectively. Best fitted semivariogram model for boron forms (readily soluble, specifically adsorbed, oxide bound and residual B) was spherical with moderate spatial dependence on surface and subsurface soil while organically bound form revealed higher spatial dependence. Results of the field trial indicated that 14 g B tree-1 fertilization increased fruit yield (32.8 %), weight (9.6 %) size (7.7 %), total soluble solids (18.5 %), fruit firmness (9.6 %), fruit boron (16.6 %) and leaf boron content (32.6 %). Trees fertilized with16 g B tree-1 had the higher fruit number (19.4 %). Boron application resulted in a decrease of titratable acidity.