۹قرآنی استفہامی اسلوب کے مقاصد
قرآن مجید میں خدا اور مخلوق کے تعلق کو واضح کرنے کے لئے انسانی زبان میں سے زیادہ تر الفاظ بطور انداز بیان، مصطلحات اور استعارے استعمال کئے گئے ہیں ، یہی وجہ ہے کہ اس کا اسلوب بیان بھی انسانی فکر و نظر اور ذوق سلیم کے مطابق ہے۔ یعنی قرآن مجید کا یہ منفرد اندازِ بیان ہر نفس کو فرداً فرداً یکساں طور پر متاثر کرتا ہے اور پڑھتے وقت یہی باور کراتا ہے کہ قرآن اس کے قلب پر نازل ہو رہا ہے۔ قرآن مجید کے مختلف اسالیب کی طرف خود اللہ تعالیٰ نے ارشاد فرما یا :
"نَحْنُ نَقُصُّ عَلَيْكَ اَحْسَنَ الْقَصَصِ بِمَآ اَوْحَيْنَـآ اِلَيْكَ هٰذَا الْقُرْاٰنَ" ۔[[1]]
" (اے محمدؐ) ہم اس قرآن کو تمہاری طرف وحی کر کے بہترین پیرائے میں واقعات اور حقائق تم سے بیان کرتے ہیں"۔
قرآن حکیم کو دینی فیوض و برکات کے ساتھ ساتھ زبان و بیان اور منفرد اسلوب کے لحاظ سے بھی دنیائے علم و ادب میں غیر معمولی عظمت و بڑائی کا شرف حاصل ہے اور کفار‘ منکرین حق اور مشرکین کے فصحا و حکماء نور حق سے نابینا اور لذت و وحدت سے ناآشنا ہونے کے باوجود قرآن مجید فرقان حمید کی ادبی لسانی خوبیوں کا اعتراف کرنے پر مجبور ہو گئے تھے۔تاریخی شواہد سے یہ بات واضح ہوجاتی ہے کہ قرآن کریم کے نزول کے بعد بڑے بڑے ادباء وشعراء کی زبانوں پرمہر لگ گئی۔ اس کی ایک عمدہ مثال جاہلی دور کے شاعر معلقات لبید بن ربیعہ ہے جس کے شعروں پر اس کے معاصرین نے کئی بار سجدۂ تہنیت کیا اور اُسے خراج تحسین سے نوازا، اور وہی شاعر...
The modern scientific concepts were clearly envisioned in the Qur'an date back to 7th century, when observational facilities were not available, mathematical principles were not discovered, primary principles (quarks) and fundamental forces i.e. Gravitational and electromagnetic were not identified. The word earth (أرْضَARD) appears 409 times in Quran. The number of verses in which the Earth is mentioned first is quite small, e.g. Sura 2, verse 29 and sura 20, verse 4, where a reference is made to "Him Who created the earth and the high heavens". On the other hand the numbers of verses where the Heavens are mentioned before the Earth are much larger e.g. Sura-l-araf (7), Verse 54; SuraYunus (10), verse 3; SuraQaf (50), verse 38; Sura l-Hadid (79), verses 27 to 33 etc. The Quran describes itself as a book of guidance. Sura l-Baqarah, verse (67)[i] states: قَالَ أعُوْذُ بِاللهِ اأنْ أَکُوْنَ مِنَ الْجَاهِلِيْن He said, "I seek refuge in Allah from being among the ignorant."The Qur'an does not render a coordinated description of the Earth Creation. In lieu of a continuous story of creation, there are verses dispersed all over the Quran which deal with certain aspects of the Earth Creation. These scattered verses provide information on the sequential events marking its development with varying degrees of detail. The Quran referred toward at least five points which shed light on the creation of heaven and earth. And these points are entirely confirmed by scientific facts.
The total population of Muslims around the world is approximately 1.2 billion. It means that every fifth person on this planet earth is Muslim. As well as they (Muslims) are majority in 57 countries of the world. It was found that Western and American elite media misrepresented and inaccurately portrayed Islam and Muslim world. The anti-Islamic media campaign has reached to enormous proportion with the world wide dissipation of communism, particularly with demise of communism in former USSR. The dissertation investigated the coverage and portrayal of twelve Muslim countries by Newsweek and Time during the given period from 1991-2001. In this connection, the twelve Muslims countries were placed in three categories on the basis of their nature of relations with USA. In each category, four Muslim countries were included: 1. US Allies (Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia & Turkey) 2. US Enemies (Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran & Libya) 3. Neutral Countries (Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia & Pakistan) Moreover, six hypotheses were developed and tested. It is pertinent to mention in this crux of the study the dissertation is comprised of seven chapters as well as the study was theoretically linked with propaganda model of Herman and Chomsky. It was found that 1943 articles about Muslim countries (35) were published in 1098 issues of the both magazines during the time period of 11 years (1991-2001). In this connection, the content analysis of 219 articles of twelve Muslim countries would be undertaken. The findings indicated that 107 articles of Newsweek pertaining to the twelve Muslim countries were analyzed, it was found that all these countries received greater negative coverage (31.84%, 1794 sentences) as compared to ratio of the positive coverage (12.79%, 721 sentences). Newsweek carried 5634 sentences about Muslim countries. Similarly, the content analyses of 112 articles of the Time related to the twelve Muslim countries were undertaken. The magazine carried 5965 sentences of which 12.65% (755) sentences and 29.50% (1760) sentences were positive and negative respectively. It means that the proportion of negative coverage (29.50%) of the Muslim countries was greater than the ratio of positive coverage (12.65%) in the Time. On the whole, the both magazines carried 11546 sentences, of which 30.77% (3553) VIsentences and 12.64% (1460) sentences were negative and positive respectively. It was, therefore, concluded that overall ratio of negative coverage (30.77%) was greater than the proportion of positive coverage (12.64%). The findings indicted that except hypothesis no. 2, all remaining hypotheses were strongly supported. It is pertinent to mention here that out of the twelve Muslim countries, Iraq was the only Muslim country which received zero percent positive coverage, while on the other hand; Jordan received maximum positive coverage, which was 54.48% (528) sentences out of total 969 sentences. Similarly, Afghanistan and Indonesia were the countries which received maximum negative coverage. On the whole, the total negative coverage of Afghanistan and Indonesia was 57.08% (572) sentences and 57.08% (580) sentences respectively. The findings also depicted that 107 articles of Newsweek about the twelve Muslim countries were selected for content analysis of which 17, 32, and 58 articles were favorable, unfavorable and neutral respectively .Similarly out of 112 articles of the Time related to the Muslim countries of which 12, 34, 66 articles were favorable, unfavorable and neutral respectively. It was found that like Newsweek ratio of unfavorable articles was greater as compared to favorable articles in Time. On the whole, it was found that out of 219 articles about Muslim countries in the both magazines were analyzed of which 29, 66, 124 articles were favorable, unfavorable and neutral respectively. In nutshell, it is concluded that portrayal of all (twelve) Muslim countries by Newsweek and the Time was negative as compare to positive portrayal. Moreover, it was found that the language of the articles of the both magazines was very provocative; strong verbs and superlative degrees were used to depict the distorted image of Islam, Muslims and Muslim world. The words like radicalism, extremism and fanaticism, fundamentalism, terrorist, extremist, militants and violent were found to be linked with three other words Muslim, Islam and Islamic. Portrayal of Muslim world was investigated in light of the propaganda model of Herman and Chomsky. In this connection, slanting and framing was explored. Moreover, it was also found that manufacturing consent factor played significant contribution regarding the direction of US media. It was proved that elite media of USA served the goals of American Foreign Policy. In other words, American VIImainstream media’s performance was driven or dictated by the state’s political communication regime and according to the priorities set by the White House, Pentagon or Foreign Office. In the last part of the thesis, it was recommended that both magazines should adopt objective and impartial policy about the coverage of Muslim world as well as the both magazines should play their constructive role for cross cultural understanding between Muslim world and the United States. It was also suggested that the Muslim world should systematically utilize the power of mass media: (Newspapers, magazines, radio, TV, motion pictures and internet -online journalism), presentational media/interpersonal communication tools, so that true, accurate and solid information related to Islam, Muslims countries could be disseminated to the Western World.
