Anthracnose of lentil incited by Colletotrichum lentis Damm. is one of the most significant fungal threats to lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) cultivation worldwide. A lot of data concerning disease has been published worldwide; however, no detailed information prior to this work was available in our country Pakistan. The present research encompassing the anthracnose disease incidence (DI) and disease severity (DS) in the major lentil growing districts of the Punjab province. The correct documentation of pathogen along with morphological characterization of isolates and status of available lentil accession was done. To begin with; a two-year anthracnose survey (2014 and 2015 crop season) was completed in 13 lentil growing districts of Punjab, comprising of; Rawalpindi, Chakwal, Attock, Jhelum, Gujrat, Sialkot, Narowal, Mianwali, Khushab, Jhang, Bhakkar, Layyah and Muzaffargarh. Consequently, 162 disease samples were collected from private/ farms/ government research institutes. These samples yielded 102 C. lentis isolates. Survey revealed disease prevalence in 100% areas/ districts. The highest DI 68% and DS 7 were found in district Khushab, whereas the lowest DI 21% and DS 3 were recorded in district Jhang. Morphological characterization of 102 C. lentis isolates showed flat growth habit in 65% isolates together with a variety of culture colours i.e. black-salmon, iron-grey, orangewhitish, and pale salmon on oat meal agar. Number of days required to fill 90 mm petri plates varied from eight to ten days, whereas, the maximum isolates 63% took nine days (mean growth 10 mm/day). Majority of conidia (57%) were slightly falcate in shape, conidia were hyaline, smooth walled, aseptate ranging from 15.8- xxiii 20.02 × 2.86-4.25 μm. Isolates exhibited almost equal percentage of two shapes of appressoria i.e. rounded to ellipsoidal (51%) and clavate (49%) ranging from 7.08- 11.04 × 4.03-7.05 μm, brown in colour, smooth, solitary or occurring in loose clusters. Study revealed translucent to yellowish brown setae measuring 40.7-85 × 4.8-6.4 μm. Pathogenic variability employing 51% of C. lentis isolates using accessions; NIAB Masoor-2006, Punjab Markaz-2009, Punjab Masoor and NIAB Masoor-2002 taken as differential lines manifested majority of isolates virulent, accordingly accessions were found susceptible to maximum number of isolates. Individually, isolate CLK-63 (recovered from samples of district Khushab) was found the most virulent rendering all accessions highly susceptible to anthracnose. Molecular confirmation of isolate CLK-63 proved it to be true C. lentis. Management of anthracnose based on host plant resistance, of 31 lentil accessions at seedling and flowering stage against isolate CLK-63 indicated Masoor-89, Masoor-86, Masoor-89 bold seeded, Masoor-2004, NARC- 11-1, 08505, Punjab Massor-2009 and Shiraz-96 as resistant accessions to anthracnose.
علامہ اقبال کی طلبا سے توقعات طالب علم کو ہر شخص بنظر استحسان دیکھتا ہے اپنی پہلی نظر میں جو تصور اُس کے ذہن میں آتا ہے وہ یہی ہوتا ہے کہ یہ بچہ بڑا ہو کر ملک و قوم کی خدمت کرے گا، ماں باپ کی فرمانبرداری کرے گا، ہر ایک کے ساتھ حسنِ سلوک کے ساتھ پیش آئے گا۔ اور وُہ طالب علم بھی بڑا خوش نصیب ہے جو اپنے بزرگوں کی توقعات پر پورا اترتا ہے۔ حضرت علامہ اقبال رحمۃ اللہ علیہ جو حکیم الامت بھی ہیں پوری دنیا ان کی عظمت کو سلام کرتی ہے ان کے اشعار جو دیوان کی صورت میں موجود ہیں ، اخلاق حسنہ پیدا کرنے میں ایک اہم رول ادا کرتے ہیں۔ یہ اپنے ان اشعار کے ذریعے خوابید ہ قوم کو بیدار کرنے کی کوشش کرتے ہیں۔ طلباء کے بارے میں جونظریات ،خیالات، تصورات، دیگر سلف صالحین کے ہیں ان سے ملتے جلتے علامہ اقبال رحمۃ اللہ علیہ کے خیالات اور توقعات ہیں۔ طلباء کے اندر وُہ چیز جوان کی شخصیت کونکھارنے کے لیے اہم رول ادا کرتی ہے مطالعہ ہے، مطالعہ کا عادی طالب علم اپنے ہم مکتب ساتھیوں میں، اپنے ہم عمر دوستوں میں عزت کی نگاہ سے دیکھا جاتا ہے، کمرۂ جماعت میں وہ مطمئن اور پرسکون ہوتا ہے، کیونکہ جو اسباق اس نے پڑھنے ہوتے ہیں وہ اس کی نظر سے پہلے گزر چکے ہوتے ہیں اور ان کی تشریحات سے پہلے ہی اس کی آشنائی ہوتی ہے۔ دوسری اہم خصوصیت جو طالبعلم کے لیے انتہائی ناگزیر ہے وہ صفائی ہے اور صفائی تو ویسے ہی ایمان کا حصہ ہے، صفائی اور پاکیزگی کی موجودگی طالب علم میںفہم وفراست کے اضافہ کا سبب بنتی ہے نفیس طبع طالب علم دیگر طلباء کی نسبت مستعد اور چاک و چوبند رہے ہیں۔ ان کی صلاحیتیں...
Aims Of Study: During COVID-19 people were forced to stay home and this increased the risk of limiting their PA and adaptation of sedentary behaviour hence our objective is to measure the impact of leisure activities on well-being during COVID-19.
Methodology: 366 participants were selected, using Non-probability convenient sampling from UOL and PGC. PA and well-being were assessed using IPAQ-short form and WHO-5 well-being questionnaire.
Results: IPAQ-short form with well-being Pearson Chi square was 638.012, Spearman correlation was 0.956 and p-value Asymptotic significance (2 sided) was .000 which means there is positive strong correlation between variables.
Limitations and Future Implication: Adults having ages 18-40yrs volunteered due to short time period and since our study limited to only 2 settings so to generalize our outcomes for mass population was not feasible. During lockdown gaining past medical history in data collection was impacted, it is suggested to include the role of Physiotherapist in improving health status by PA, create awareness among common population about role of PA and their relation with well-being also including diversity in age groups, ethnicity and localities is suggested.
Originality: Strong positive correlation between PA and well-being.
Conclusion: This study shows that during Covid-19 pandemic, those individuals who remained physically active had good impact on their health. Being physically active not only improves an individual’s physical fitness level but also helps to cope with psychological problems degrading one’s mental health so our study found out direct relation between physical activity levels and health status.
In Pakistan, education is evaluation-driven. Students spend the entire academic session preparing for the summative examinations. Currently these summative examinations for MBBS final year students consist of theory papers. If the summative examination fails to test/ evaluate the students on all the cognitive, psychomotor and affective competencies, this could have serious even fatal consequences for the community as well as the doctors. To identify valid, reliable yet cost-effective and feasible tools of evaluation in the cognitive, psychomotor and affective domains that will not only lower the economic and psychological burden of evaluation but shall also improve the quality of the product i.e. the Doctors. This was a prospective mixed quantitative and qualitative study of two years duration centered at University of Health Sciences, Lahore (UHS). The student population included final year MBBS students in the academic sessions 2008-2009 and 2010-2011 (Annual 2009 and Annual 2010) in the Medical Colleges of Punjab affiliated with UHS. Stratified random sampling was done to invite two groups of 100 Students each from the population to attend UHS for the Psychomotor and Affective Domains Assessments in this study in 2009 as well as 2010. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 16.0 software. Relevant tests of significance were applied. A p-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Qualitative data was entered into Ethnograph Version 6 and common themes were identified. The study indicates that a Multiple Choice Question (MCQ) is an objective instrument of assessment. If constructed properly and with care keeping in mind the competency outcomes associated with assessment, this cost-effective instrument is capable of measuring higher order cognitive skills. A large majority of MCQs constructed at UHS testediii higher cognitive skills than the Structured Answer Questions (SAQs). The Long Essay Question (LEQ) can be specifically targeted for assessment of higher order evaluation and creative cognitive skills. In order to reduce the duration related to assessment through this instrument, it should be used sparsely and only where it cannot be replaced by an MCQ or an SAQ. The currently structured standardized format of clinical, viva voce and Objectively Structured Performance Evaluation (OSPE) for assessment of psychomotor and affective domains in the examinations of UHS has support from all the stakeholders. Especially OSPE, through its wider content coverage and direct observation of clinical skills and attitudes, has been well received. Finally, educational, socioeconomic and geographical background has been seen to affect the scores of students. However, no difference in the perception of students towards the examination, as a whole, or the instruments individually was identified based on the same demographic and educational divisions.