La0.2Sr0.25Ca0.45TiO3 is a carefully selected composition to provide optimal processing and electrical characteristics for use as an anode support in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In the present study, the optimization of the preparation process of A-site deficient perovskite, La0.2Sr0.25Ca0.45TiO3 (LSCTA-) powders and their characterization for integration into the SOFC anode supports have been focussed. LSCTA- powder was investigated in different yet connected important aspects using high-tech methods like tape casting, microstructure optimization and testing in symmetrical and button cell set ups. The major part of the present research deals with the process optimization of LSCTA-. A modified Pechini method was successfully applied to produce single phase perovskite at 900 oC. The effect of calcination temperature on the phase, morphology and sintering characteristics was studied using XRD, SEM and dilatometry techniques. The optimal calcination temperature of 1000 oC was selected for further studies as the powder calcined at this temperature displayed a similar sintering profile to commercial 8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), the typical choice for electrolyte. LSCTA- showed an n- type conduction nature where conductivity of a dense LSCTA- specimen sintered in air increased by three orders of magnitude after in-situ reduction in 5% H2/Ar. These encouraging characterization results supported the SOFC anode candidateship of LSCTA-. In the second part of study, the synthesized powder was processed in aqueous tape casting which is a quick and rapid technique to fabricate thin SOFC anodes. Slurry formulation was optimized for both the dense and porous green tapes. The rectangular bars fabricated from green tapes by lamination were sintered and tested for conductivity measurements using van der Pauw set up. The effect of ceria impregnation on the conductivity of porous LSCTA- bars was studied. The conductivity behaviour of porous bars under redox cycling showed a two-stage process that exhibited strong reversibility. For the reduction process, addition of impregnated ceria reduced the onset delay period and increased the apparent rate constant, k values by 30-50% for both stages. The co- impregnation of Ni further resulted in an increase of conductivity of porous bars. Another aspect of the study was the microstructure optimization of LSCTA- tapes. To introduce the porosity in LSCTA- tapes, commercial pore formers like graphite, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and glassy carbon (GC) were used. It was observed that pre-sintering the powder helps to get a good microstructure with commercial pore formers. An interesting feature for inducing porosity in LSCTA- tapes was the synthesis of homogeneous and well dispersed carbon micro spheres (CMS) from an optimized hydrothermal method and their further application as pore formers. As a part of the research, the anode performance of LSCTA- was tested in YSZ electrolyte supported symmetrical cells. The effect of impregnates like ceria (CeO2), gadolinium doped ceria (CGO), with and without Ni, on the performance of symmetrical cells was investigated. It was found that co-impregnation of CeO2 and CGO with Ni have pronounced effect in decreasing the impedance of bare LSCTA- in symmetrical cells. Further, the anode performance was tested in button cells using a three electrode set up. A significant improvement in cell performance could be achieved by optimizing the anode support with various impregnates both qualitatively and quantitatively. Finally, LSCTA- was doped at B site with Ni (LSCTN) and Fe (LSCTF). The doped compositions offered higher conductivity values than the parent LSCTA-. Compared to pre-reduced LSCTA- having conductivity of 38 S cm-1, the pre reduced 5% Ni doped LSCTA- (LSCTN-5) and 5% Fe doped LSCTA- (LSCTF-5) offered conductivity values of 47 S cm-1 and 66 S cm-1 at 880 oC, respectively. In conclusion, structurally stable LSCTA- could be a good alternative to state of the art SOFC anode exhibiting good mechanical, morphological and electrical properties. Catalyst introduction via impregnation or doping could enhance the electrical and catalytic properties of these perovskites making them viable alternatives for electrochemical applications.
دنیا بڑی مکار ہر دم رہیں چوکنا یار اکھاں کھول ٹریں دلدار کسے وی تینوں معاف نہیں کرنا پھر توں رونا دکھڑے جرنا خالی بھانڈا عقل دا بھرنا فیر سوچنا اے بیکار اس دنیا نوں سمجھ توں بھائی اندر وڑ کے کرن صفائی رب رسول دی بات بھلائی ایہہ دنیا ہے بڑی مکار ایہہ دنیا سب دھوکے بازی عشق مجازی تلکن بازی نہ اوہ شہید تے نہ اوہ غازی دنیا نال جو کردا پیار ہر پاسے ہے افراتفری پھردی اے ابلیس دی نفری زندگی ہر دی اوکھی بسری نہ ملیا چین قرار گھر گھر ہوندی پئی بدخوئی مہر محبت اُٹھ گیوئی ہر دم دیندا یار دھروئی توبہ اللہ استغفار
بھانویں گھر وچ ہون نہ دانے کیبل چلدی ، وجدے گانے ٹر گئے یار اوہ لوگ سیانے آوے گھنگرو دی چھنکار
رناں روز بازار نوں جاون اوتھے جا ایہہ خوشیاں پاون کھڑ کھڑ ہسن ناں شرماون ہوون ناں اوتھے بیزار
شادیاں دے کیہو جئے وطیرے داج چ منگن موتی ہیرے کھجل ہوون سب بے پیرے پر نہیں کر دے گفتار کڑیاں منڈے کالج پڑھدے ہر کوئی تکے نکلدے وڑدے چنگے لوکی ویکھ کے سڑدے میری توبہ ہے لکھ وار
مطلب دی ہن رہ گئی یاری مہر محبت اٹھ گئی ساری ہر نے جانا وارو واری قبر کریندی نت پکار
بھرے بازار مسیتاں خالی اُجڑے باغ تے روون مالی ہر جا ہوئی اے بدحالی ہووے شالا فضل غفار
مسجد نوں آباد نہ کردے ڈیریاں دے وچ حقے دھردے رب رسول توں مول...
The Guiding Principles of Preventing Conspiracies Against Islamic State: The Analytical Study of Demolishing of Masjid al-Dirār Now a day the conspiracy against the leading countries of the Islamic world has become a tragedy under a plan. The examples of Iraq, Lebia, Palestine, and Syria are before us and now these kinds of events are also made against Saudi Arab and Pakistan. So, the protection of every country and its state for preventing conspiracies against it in an effective and successful policy should be adopted, in this aspect there is a great deal of leading can be handed. In the field from the life of the Holy Prophet (saw), we can get an effective policy, to solve the important issues of the modern era about the protection of the state. Our Holy Prophet (saw) adopted the arrangements for the protection of Islamic State of Madinah. One such example is the demolishing of Masjid al-Dirār. Which was conspiracy against the Islamic State of Madinah and completion of hypocritic agenda. Many principles of fiqh-us sīrah are drawn from this incident about the state protection. In this article, we discuss the principles of the protection of Islamic State in the light of Masjid al-Dirār incident and Modern National and international laws.
This study investigates the impact of different socio economic indicators on basic needs fulfillment in Pakistan. Basic needs gap index (BNGI) is dependent variable and is used as proxy of basic needs fulfillment. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and two different versions of empirical Bayes techniques have been applied on the time series data of eight different regions of Pakistan with rural and urban bifurcation for the period 1979 – 2008. Significant factors are figured out of ten explanatory variables: per capita income, per capita savings, remittances (domestic and foreign), human capital index, household size, ratio of income of top 20 percent to bottom 20 percent , share of income held by bottom 20 percent , higher education , unemployment, and dependency ratio. Our final model comprises of the following four explanatory variables, per capita income, human capital index, share of income held by bottom 20 percent, and unemployment. It is found that per capita income and income held by bottom 20 percent are highly correlated with BNGI in all the regions of Pakistan. It is also observed that share of income held by bottom 20% is also a significant variable that affect BNGI. Human capital index and unemployment showed mixed and sometimes contrasting results for rural and urban regions. Income distribution is more uneven in urban areas as compared to the rural areas. In the case of human capital, there is a considerable difference in rural and urban areas of Pakistan. Growth for the sake of growth is meaningless unless it reduces the miseries of the masses. To make every person part of development process, it needs to ensure that no one is underprivileged and marginalized. This can only be done when all the basic needs of the individuals are met. To improve the indicators of basic needs fulfillment it is important to improve the income share held by the poorest 20% people, which is in accordance to the MDGs. This requires strong political will at the part of the policy makers, the government officials, and the political parties.