This dissertation has been divided into four chapters and each chapter has its own numbering of compounds and references. General introduction related to the importance of heterocycle based drugs, drug designing and value of lead molecules in drug designing. This research work describes synthesis and bioactivities of different class of heterocycles such as piperazine, bisindole analogs in search of important therapeutic agents and also includes functionalized gold nanoparticles for catalytic study. During this research study, a variety of piperazine, and bisindole analogs were synthesized and screened for enzyme inhibition studies (thymidine phosphorylase, urease, antioxidant, β-glucuronidase and α-glucosidase, anti-Leishmania). Functionalized gold nanoparticles were synthesized for modulating their catalytic ability. The results obtained from this study are encouraging which are discussed separately in the forthcoming chapters 1, 2, 3 and 4. In first chapter, piperazine analogues are studied. We have synthesized eighteen piperazine derivatives (1-18) and evaluated for thymidine phosphorylase, urease, antioxidant, b-glucuronidase and α-glucosidase activity. All analogues showed potent thymidine phosphorylase inhibitory potential with IC50 values ranging between 0.2 ± 0.01 to 42.20 ± 0.70 μM when compared with standard 7-Deazaxanthine (IC50 value of 38.68 ± 1.12 μM). Compound 17 was found to be the most active among the series while compound 18 was found to be the least active. All these analogues showed varying degree of urease, antioxidant, b-glucuronidase and α-glucosidase activity. xi In second chapter, bis-indole analogues are studied. We have synthesized twenty seven bis-indole analogues (1-27) and evaluate their anti-leishmanial, urease, antioxidant, and b-glucuronidase activity. All compounds showed outstanding anti-leishmanial inhibitory potential with IC50 values ranging from 0.7 ± 0.01 to 13.30 ± 0.50 μM respectively when compared with standard pentamidine with IC50 value of 7.20 ± 0.20 μM. All analogues showed greater potential than standard except 23 when compared with standard. All these compounds showed varying degree of urease, antioxidant, b-glucuronidase and α-glucosidase activity. In third chapter, functionalized gold nanoparticles are studied. We report the fabrication of a family of nanozymes comprised of bioorthogonal ruthenium catalysts inserted in the protective monolayer of gold nanoparticles. By introducing simple modifications to the functional groups at the surface of the nanozymes, we have demonstrated control over the kinetic mechanism of our system. Cationic nanozymes with hydrophobic surface functionalities tend to replicate the classical Michaelis Menten model, while those with polar groups display substrate inhibition behaviour, a key mechanism present in 20% of natural enzymes. The structural parameters described herein can be used for creating artificial nano-systems that mimic the complexity observed in cell machinery. In fourth chapter we discussed the different bioassay protocols in detail.
مولانا سید شاہ محمد قمرالدین پھلواروی یہ خبر بھی افسوس کے ساتھ سنی جائے گی کہ مولانا سید شاہ محمد قمرالدین صاحب پھلواروی، امیر شریعت صوبہ بہار نے ۳۱؍ جنوری کو انتقال فرمایا، مرحوم مولانا سید شاہ بدرالدین صاحب مرحوم، امیر شریعت اول کے صاحبزادے اور علم و عمل میں اپنے اسلاف کرام کے خلف الصدق تھے، اپنے بڑے بھائی مولانا سید شاہ محی الدین صاحب مرحوم امیر شریعت ثانی کے انتقال کے بعد ان کے جانشین ہوئے اور امارت شرعیہ کی روایات اور اس کے مذہبی کاموں کو پوری طرح قائم و برقرار رکھا، ان کی وفات سے خاندان پھلواروی کی ایک اہم یادگار مٹ گئی، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کو اپنی رحمت و مغفرت سے سرفراز فرمائے اور ان کے اخلاف کو ان کے نقش قدم پر چلنے کی توفیق بخشے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، مارچ ۱۹۵۷ء)
Peaceful coexistence is a major challenge in a multi-ethnic region like the Midwest. After the creation of the region in 1963, ethnic distrust dominated the region's body politics. The Biafran invasion of Midwest remained one invent that heightened ethnic distrust in the region. Although, scholars have examined the invasion, the need to re-examine it arises from the fact that the event made ethnic antagonism among the groups in the region more intense than ever before. It is against this backdrop that this paper examines the Biafran invasion of Midwest and its implications on inter-group relations in the region. Relying on primary and secondary sources, the paper is of the opinion that the intense group antagonism and suspicion emanated from the fact that the Biafran incursion into Midwest caused division among the groups in the region. The groups that were loyal to the Nigerian Government opposed the groups that supported Biafra. The paper further argues that the ethnic tension was also as a result of the assumption by the non-Igbo groups in the region that Biafrans were in the region to promote the interest of the Igbo groups.
This dissertation was aimed to investigate the thermophysical properties of commercial building materials and lab-made bio-waste added fired clay bricks for sustainable energy conservation in buildings. The commercial bricks were intentionally saturated by NaCl solutions of different molar concentrations (0-5 M) for 10 days and then freeze-dried for halite crystallization. Lab-made bricks were prepared by addition of tea-waste, sawdust, and wheat straw in different proportions into the clay. The composite clay bricks were dried and then, sintered in an electric furnace at two different temperatures (500°C and 980°C). Different building stones were taken from market whereas limestones differing in elevation range were taken from a mountain. The thermal properties of building materials were measured by Transient Plane Source (TPS) technique and ASTM standards were followed for physical characterization of the brick samples. The proximate analysis, FTIR, SEM-EDS, XRD analysis, and SEM analysis were carried out to elaborate the chemical, mineral, structural and morphological properties of the samples. Results showed that the moisture and NaCl concentration significantly increased thermophysical properties of brick samples and this adverse effect was discussed by considering thermal properties of NaCl solutions, diffusion rate and saturation period. While thermophysical and mechanical properties of bio-waste added bricks were decreased due to change in mineral composition and porosity generation by inflammable nature of bio-waste. However, compressive strength of lab-made bricks were in the acceptable range specified by Pakistan Building Code (i.e. > 5 MPa). On comparison with commercial brick, 2-4 wt.% tea waste, 2-6 wt.% sawdust and 1-2 wt.% wheat straw addition were suitable for production of thermally insulated, mechanically strong, and environmentally friendly bricks. Thermophysical analysis of building stones showed graphical relations for the assessment of thermal conductivity from the physical properties. Experimental and predicted thermal conductivity of limestones at moist and dry states showed that in situ measurement is necessary for precise determination of thermal properties. The variations in thermal properties of limestones as a function of temperature were described by considering mineral compositions and heat transfer mechanism. The overall results suggest that the spinoff of this work is a helpful resource for up to date and accurate information about thermophysical properties of building materials and new fired clay bricks products for energy savings in buildings.