الترجمة و السنة النبوية: تحديات و حلول

Allah Almighty sent the Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) with the message of Islam to take the humankind out of darkness into the light guidance. Translation plays an effective role to disseminate the divine message and the teaching of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) to the humankind in various languages. Translating Seerah Nabviah is a challenging job. Only those scholars who have sufficient knowledge about the terminologies relating to hadith studies in addition to other translation skills can carry out the translating process for Hadith’s text. This research paper primarily discusses the importance of translation to disseminate the teachings of Seerah Nabviah to the humankind. It also focuses on the answer of the question about the legitimacy of the translation of Seerah Nabviah through some arguments based on the Quranic verses, Hadiths and Juristic laws. In addition to that, it highlights various challenges and problems facing translators while translating the text of Hadith. It also deliberates some rules and mechanisms to deal with these challenges indicating tosome adequate solutions for rendering the text of Hadith. It mentions some reasons that cause occurring mistakes while translating the text of Hadith. It contains some recommendations and suggestions by mentioning some mechanisms at individual and collective level for taking initiatives towards the translating process for Hadith’s text.

Modeling the Potential Impacts of Climate Change and Adaptation Options for Rainfed Wheat

The environment of our globe is changing due to climate change (CC) which is influencing agricultural and agronomic practices. Being open to vagaries of nature, agriculture sector is highly vulnerable to climate change phenomena. Any change in climate ultimately influenced food security. Keeping in view the climate change phenomenon the current study aided with simulation modeling was carried out during wheat growing season of 2013-14 and 2014-15 at rainfed Pothwar. Experiments arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design were conducted having five wheat genotypes (Dharabi, Chakwal-50, NARC-2009, Pak-13 and AUR- 809), four sowing dates (21-30 Oct, 10-20 Nov, 01-10 Dec and 20-30 Dec of 2013- 14 and 2014- 15), and three climatically varying locations i.e. Islamabad, URFKoont and Talagang characterized by high, medium a nd low rainfall and low, medium and high temperature areas respectively. Climate data required for the study was collected from the met observatory located at NARC and for URF-Koont and Talagang it was generated by downscaling. Increase in temperature at Islamabad (1oC), URF-Koont (4.6 oC) and Talagang (4.8oC) was observed during study period than the baseline temperature. Wheat crop days to maturity and LAI reduced by 15% and 51% respectively due to higher temperature (4.8 oC). Biological yield ranged 9.7 t ha-1 to 4.72 t ha-1 from low temperature zone (Islamabad) to higher temperature zone (Talagang). Therefore, due to 1 oC increase in temperature, 7.6% reduction in biological yield was observed. Maximum grain yield observed at Islamabad (2.39 t ha-1) while minimum grain yield recorded at Talagang (2.19 t ha-1). Similarly, among genotypes, the performance of Pak-13 and AUR-809 was better than other genotypes therefore, their genetic blood should be used in future for breeding programs. Grain growth curve was also developed in relation to temperature. Grain growth curve depicted 8.2 % reduction in individual grain weight due to 1oC increased temperature. Maximum water use efficiency was recorded at URF-Koont (7.43 kg mm-1) than Talagang (7.14 kg mm-1) and Islamabad (6.23 kg mm-1) which showed higher water productivity due to less evapotranspiration. Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM), Cropping System Model (CropSyst) and Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) models were parameterized. Validation skill scores like d-Index, RMSE, and coefficient of determination (R2) were used to determine the performance of models which confirmed the field results with good accuracy (R2 for grain yield was 0.97, 0.96, 0.92 for APSIM, CropSyst and DSSAT respectively). Different global circulation models (GCMs) were used under varying RCPs (Representative concentration pathways). Future projections showed that under current management practices at Islamabad, URF-Koont and Talagang wheat yield will be reduced. Under RCP 4.5, GCMs showed that during early scenarios i.e. 2030, SD2 (5-10 November sowing) will be beneficial, while under later years 15-October sowing will be beneficial.Under RCP 8.5 (higher temperature and low rainfall), GCMs showed even severe results showing reduction in wheat productivity. Adaptation based upon results should include SD2 (01-10 November sowing) for early scenarios i.e. 2030, while for later scenarios i.e. 2050 and 2070, SD1 i.e. 15-25 October sowing will be beneficial in order to avoid terminal heat stress during grain filling stages of wheat. Genotypes Pak-13 and AUR-809 showed great potential to produce sustainable crop yield under higher temperature therefore, these two genotypes should be considered for temperature extremes. Crop models should be used as decision support tools to reduce agricultural environment vulnerability to climate variability.