A variety of multilayer thin films, such as ZnO/TiO2 (ZT), ZnO, TiO2, 1% Cu doped TiO2 (Cu-TiO2), 2% (Cu-TiO2), ZnO/TiO2/ZnO (ZTZ) and TiO2/ZnO/TiO2 (TZT) are deposited by sol-gel technique. In this technique, colloidal particles are dispersed uniformly in a liquid form sol. A gel is a phase in which liquid and solids are dispersed together and form a solid network containing liquid component. The structure, morphology, electrical and optical properties of multilayer films are studied by X-ray Diffractrometer (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), four point probe technique and UV-Vis spectrophotometer, respectively. The properties of the N719 dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) of ZTZ and TZT based photoanodes are investigated by current- voltage measurements. XRD patterns of ZT multilayer thin films are confirmed by the presence of all the three phases of TiO2. The average grain size of 1, 3 and 5 stack layers of ZT films is 1.19, 1.22 and 2.56 nm, respectively. Multilayer ZnO films having hexagonal wurtzite structure with average grain size of 1, 3 and 5 layers is 7.96, 11.15 and 17.7 nm, respectively, according to XRD patterns. XRD patterns of TiO2 multilayer films having 1, 2, 3 and 4 stacked layers have shown the anatase phase only with average grain size of 1.06, 1.19, 7.29 and 7.69 nm respectively. Both 1% and 2% Cu doped TiO2 (3, 5 and 7) multilayer films have only the brookite phase of TiO2. The average grain size of 1% Cu doped TiO2 films having 3, 5 and 7 layers is 9.4, 12.9 and 14.4 nm respectively. Similarly, 3, 5 and 7 layers of 2% Cu doped TiO2 thin films have average grain size of 8.85, 14.1 and 14.8 nm respectively. XRD patterns of ZTZ and TZT films have shown anatase phase of TiO2 and cubic phase of ZnO. Average grain size of ZTZ and TZT films is 12.9 and 7.56 nm respectively.Morphology of the multilayer ZT films has shown cracks on the surfaces of 3 and 5 Layers films which may be due to heating and cooling rate of the film. ZnO multilayer films have uniformly distributed grains structures. Both 1% and 2% Cu doped TiO2 multilayer thin films have well defined nano particles with increasing size as the layers increases in SEM micrographs. Both ZTZ and TZT films have densed packed particles due to high viscosity of the sol. Four point probe technique has been used to measure electrical resistivity of films. In all multilayer films, average sheet resistivity is decreased by increasing the layers. The average sheet resistivity of 1, 3 and 5 layers of ZT films is 20.8´ 106,9.12´106 and 7.71´106 ohm-m respectively. The average sheet resistivity of 1, 3 and 5 layers of ZnO thin films is found to be 7.91´105, 5.65´104 and 1.43´104 ohm-m, respectively. For 1, 2, 3 and 4 layers of TiO2 films, the average sheet resistivity is 2.30´107, 1.96´107, 1.41´107, 1.14´107 ohm-m, respectively. The average sheet resistivity for 3, 5 and 7 layers of 1% Cu doped TiO2 films is 8×106, 6.5×106 and 1.0×106 ohm-m, respectively. The average sheet resistivity of 3, 5 and 7 layers of 2% Cu doped TiO2 films is found as “2.19 x 107, 1.20 x 107 and 1.11 x 107 ohm-m” respectively. The average sheet resistivity of ZTZ and TZT films is 9.35 x 104 and 5.44 x 105 ohm-m, respectively. Optical properties of films are measured by UV-Vis spectrometer. The band gap energy (Eg) of ZT having 1, 2 and 3 layers is 3.65 eV, 3.59 eV and 3.53 eV, respectively. The Eg of 1, 3 and 5 layers of ZnO thin films is 3.85, 3.81 and 3.72 eV, respectively. The calculated Eg for 1, 2, 3 and 4 layers of TiO2 thin films is 3.65, 3.60, 3.59 and 3.40 eV, respectively. The Eg of 3, 5 and 7 layers of 1% Cu doped TiO2 films is 3.813, 3.822 and 3.843 eV, respectively. The Eg of 3, 5 and 7 layers of 2% Cu doped TiO2 thin films is 3.778, 3.768 and 3.736 eV, respectively. The calculated Eg of ZTZ and TZT is 3.7 eV and 3.71 eV, respectively.“Due to very low sheet resistivity of ZTZ and TZT thin films as compared to other deposited multilayer films, dye sensitized solar cells of these films are prepared. After deposition, the films are annealed at 450 oC for 30 min and graphene coated FTO glasses are used as counter electrodes. “N719 ruthenium dye is used in these cells and all photovoltaic parameters like open circuit voltage (VOC), short circuit current density (JSC), conversion efficiency (η) and fill factor (FF) are calculated”. X-ray diffraction patterns have shown the presence of both ZnO and TiO2 particles in the films. Morphology of the photoanodes revealed the formation of nanoparticles in both the films; also it has shown that TZT film is more porous and consists of large particles as compared to ZTZ film. Due to this porosity, TZT film absorbed more dye as compared to ZTZ film shown in UV-Vis absorbance graph. The TZT cell has high JSC and VOC as compared to ZTZ cell, resulting high efficiency”.
ابھی گزشتہ مہینہ کے معارف میں ہم نے حضرت امیر شریعت صوبہ بہار اور امارت شرعیہ صوبہ بہار کا تذکرہ کیا تھا، خیال میں بھی نہ تھا کہ اس کے ایک ہی مہینہ کے بعد ہم کو حضرت ممدوح کی دائمی مفارقت کا ماتم کرنا پڑے گا، حضرت مولانا شاہ بدرالدین سجادہ پھلواری اس عہد کے جنید و شبلیؒ تھے، ان کا زہد و ورع، نزاعت و ارتقاء، علم و عمل، صورت و سیرت، ہر چیز نمونۂ سلف تھی، کم و بیش چالیس برس تک یہ علم و عرفان کی شمع صوبۂ بہار میں روشن رہی اور اس کی روشنی دور دور تک پھیلتی رہی، ان کے شب و روز کے چوبیس گھنٹے ذکر و فکر اور مطالعۂ کتب کے سوا اور مشاغل میں کمتر صرف ہوتے تھے، ان کی نشست گاہ ایک کتب خانہ تھی، ان کے چاروں طرف کتابوں کا انبار لگا رہتا تھا اور اس کے بیچ میں یہ زندہ کتب خانہ جلوہ فرما رہتا تھا، اس عہد میں یہی ایک ہستی تھی جو ظاہر و باطن، علم و معرفت، حقیقت و شریعت کا مجمع البحرین تھی اور جس سے ہزاروں اور لاکھوں علم و معرفت کے پیاسے سیراب ہوتے رہتے ہیں، پھلواری کا سجادہ اس بزرگ ذات کی رونق افروزی سے چشمۂ خورشید تھا، افسوس کہ یہ آفتاب اب ہمیشہ کے لئے ڈوب گیا۔ وہ میرے والد مرحوم کے پیر بھائی تھے، دونوں مولانا شاہ علی حبیب صاحب قدس سرہ، سجادہ نشین پھلواری سے مستفید تھے، خاکسار کو آغاز عمر میں ۱۸۹۸ء میں پھلواری کی خانقاہ میں چند ماہ بسلسلۂ طلب علم والد ماجد مرحوم کے حسب ہدایت رہنے کا اتفاق ہوا تھا، اس وقت سے اخیر عمر تک اس ہیچمدان پر خاص نظر عنایت تھی، کبھی کبھی مکرمت ناموں سے سرفراز فرماتے، تو ’’اعزا خواں‘‘ کے...
IntroductionSensory integration therapy can improve language skills, attention, and social interactions in children with ASD. However, it is also important to note that research in this field is ongoing, and more studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of these therapies. The present study is aimed to identify the effects of occupational therapy-based sensory processing skill therapies in improving the autism severity and QoL among ASD children. MethodologyThe intervention was performed for 12 weeks, six sessions per week, each based on 60 minutes of duration. The treatment protocol comprised four sensory processing skills in which Each child was trained on every skill for 15 minutes, making a total of 60 minutes of duration for a single session. ResultsSignificant improvements in CARS, CGAS and PedsQL (p<0.001) were observed after 12-weeks of intervention. ConclusionSensory processing skills therapies are a practical treatment approach in optimizing sensory load among ASD children. DOI: https: //doi. Org/10.59564/amrj/01.01/005
Laser ablated Plasma is one of the best modern and richest sources of radiations for material processing. Time resolved, time integrated (space resolved) Plume Dynamics has been investigated for the radiation emission under different pressures of air ~10-3 torr, 5mbar and 760 torr. Two different Nd: YAG laser were tightly focused on the transient 4N, annealed metallic targets (2cm x 2cm x 0.2 cm). CCD (Monochrome AVC 301 A) and ICCD (5760/ IR- UV MO 595310) based computer controlled image grabbing systems were employed for capturing plasma plume photographs. Ions, Electrons, X-Rays and Extreme Ultra Violet (EUV) were detected by Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs) and Faraday Cups, Langmuir Probe, modified BPX 65 PIN Photodiode alongwith Ag filter 2 μm in thickness and SXUV-HS 5 Mo/S respectively. Signals thus obtained were stored on 4 channels, 1GHz YOKOGUAWA (DL9140) and two channel 200 MHz UNI T (UTT) digital storage oscilloscopes. Plume expansion is non-uniform as initially, the plume is spherical later on it is sharpened. Plasma intensity from copper, platinum and gold plumes is same i.e. 250 Arbitrary Units (A.U.) whereas it is 190 (A.U.) for silver and 180 (A.U.) for zinc plume. The lengths of plumes from targets range from 120 pixels to 900 pixels when delay time ranges from 530 ns to 2500 ns. During the initial stage of plume dynamics, a dark nucleus with a sharp boundary is formed which remains up to 75 ns. Plasma expands at a higher rate during this stage. A shock wave is seen at higher pressure (1 atmosphere) that remained progressing up to 500 ns. Expansion of plume is faster in radial direction than in axial direction. The plume dynamics depend on laser intensity. Ion emission study using SSNTDs shows that maximum ions flux (4.62 x 107cm–2) is for Pt whereas minimum ions flux (1.08x107 cm-2) is from Ag ions. The energy of ions emitted from Pt is largest (6.91Kev) and minimum value emitted from Ag plasma (0.88 K eV). Ion emission investigations using Faraday Cups reveals that with the increase in atomic number Z (29-79), the ion energy increases (47.61 KeV – 149.8 KeV) with the exception that Ions emitted from plasma of Platinum (Z = 78) have higher energy (149.8KeV) than those emitted from gold (z = 79). Ion flux here also (at all angles) increases with the increase in the atomic number. Electron Emission using Langmuir Probe shows that there is a small variation in the values of probe current for applied voltage -30 V to 10 V for metals used. Probe current due to Cd, Ag and Au plasmas is higher than other targets (Cu, Zn and Pt). Electron Temperature is maximum for Cu and minimum for Zinc. A valley of depth about 3 x1017 m-3 for electron density is present in the -ve potential region. There is only a small change in electron density, plasma frequency for metals having large surface binding energy (Cu, Zn and Pt), while the metals having small values of surface binding energy electron density decreases with increase in biasing voltage. Debye’s length for the metals Cd, Ag and Au is smaller as compared to metals Cu, Zn and Pt. The Debye’s length of metals with large surface binding energy is larger and metals with small surface binding energy shows opposite behavior. The numbers of particles in Debye’s length for metals Cd, Ag and Au remain same for all biasing voltages while for metals Cu, Zn and Pt the number of particles varies with biasing voltage. Debye’s length of metals Cu, Zn & Pt decrease with increase in biasing voltage. The number of particles in Debye length decreases for metals having large value of surface binding energy with increase in biasing voltage Investigations on Extreme Ultra Violet Radiation (EUV) Emission using Photodiode depict that minimum value of the peak voltage of EUV (1.0223mV) is emitted from Cd plasma and its maximum value (2.326mV) is emitted from Zn plasma. The intensity of EUV has maximum value 1.5 watt /m2 for Zinc and minimum value 5.04 watt/m2 and remaining targets platinum, gold, silver, copper and cadmium have values in between respectively. X-Rays Emission from LIP using PIN Photo Diode indicates that maximum value of peak voltage for X-Rays signals is 66.18 mV for silver and minimum value is 9.75mV for gold plasma. The intensity of X-Rays is maximum for silver (574.43 watt /m2) and minimum value for zinc (1.938 watt/m2). So Zinc is the best source for EUV whereas Silver is the best source of X-rays.