The limited available energy sources and their improper use require efficient energy storage devices. Therefore, supercapacitors are more attractive due to light weight, low cost and high specific capacitance. Graphene oxide (GO) based metal sulfides have huge potential for electrochemical applications due to large specific surface area and electrical conductivity. In this study, various GO based metal sulfides were hydrothermally synthesized on nickel foam substrate for supercapacitor applications. The structural phases were observed using X-ray diffraction. The surface morphology of aluminum, strontium, nickel and zinc based sulfides exhibited nanowall, nanorod, nanoplate and nanoweb like structures, respectively. The metal sulfides showed good electrochemical performance, which was depicted using both three and two electrodes systems. The specific capacitance and energy density determined using three electrodes galvanostatic charge discharge for GO based sulfides of aluminum, strontium, nickel and zinc were 2373.51, 1824.14, 2368.833, 2400.30 Fg-1 and 118.68, 91.56, 118.44, 120 WhKg-1, respectively. Similarly, the power densities and specific capacitance retention up to 1000 cycles were measured as 2663.58, 4356.64, 1010.00, 4407.73 WKg-1 and 57, 67, 42.20, 95.90 %, respectively. Furthermore, an excellent two electrodes symmetric behavior was revealed for GO based sulfides of aluminum nanowalls, strontium nanorods, nickel nanoplates and zinc nanoweb, because high energy densities 20.55, 10.55, 15.72, 20.29 WhKg-1 and power densities 585.50, 294.35, 848.50, 485.30 WKg-1, respectively, were observed. Hence, the excellent electrochemical behavior exhibited by the fabricated nanostructures suggested supercapacitor applications.
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
42:01 a. Ha. Mim.
42:02 a. `Ayn. Sin. Qaf.
42:03 a. Likewise Allah, The Almighty, The All-Wise reveals on to you – O The Prophet - as HE did to those Prophets before you.
42:04 a. Whatever is within the celestial realm and whatever is within the terrestrial world belongs to HIM, b. for HE is All-Exalted, All-Supreme.
42:05 a. The celestial realm above them will almost burst apart, in awe of HIM, exalted be HE, b. while the angels glorify the Praise of their Rabb- The Lord, and c. seek forgiveness of whoever is on the earth. d. Indeed, Allah is The Oft-Forgiving to the one who repents, The Infinitely Compassionate towards the one who lives repentantly.
42:06 a. And as for those who take protectors other than HIM, b. Allah is Ever-Watchful over them, and c. you - O The Prophet - are not a guardian over them.
42:07 a. And so WE have revealed onto you a Qur’an in Arabic - b. so you may warn people of the Mother of all Cities – Makkah – and communities and lands around it. c. And warn them of the coming of the Time of Assembly, about which there is absolutely no doubt, d. when a group of them will be in the Paradise, and a group in the Blazing Fire.
42:08 a. And if Allah had so wanted, HE could have easily made them all into one single community of believers, b. but HE...
This study aims to describe the concept of Islamic economics in poverty alleviation. This research method is descriptive qualitative research using data sources from literature or library research (library research). The research approach uses a normative approach and a historical approach. The normative approach is used to examine the ideals of the Islamic Economic conception and then analyze how it is applied. Meanwhile, the historical approach is used to study empirical facts about poverty alleviation. The results showed that the stagnant distribution will cause inequality and social inequality. For this reason, the implementation of the zakat obligation is a very urgent need. The priority of poverty alleviation according to the concept of Islamic economics is to overcome the causes of poverty, namely improving the distribution of wealth. Zakat is the main instrument which is a solution to these various problems, especially in dealing with poverty and social inequality. In Islam, the state must create programs and facilities that can overcome the problem of poverty, guarantee a decent life for the poor and provide the economic means needed to become a source of livelihood for the poor. Islamic economics can be explored more deeply for the development of economics and its benefits in alleviating poverty.
This thesis describes the synthesis of various classes of heterocyclic compounds like, pyrazoles, dihydropyrimidinones, iminothiazolidinones, quinolinyloxy oxa/thiadiazol amines and triazolones/thiones and in addition study of palladium(0)-catalyzed cross- coupling reactions. Michael addition of some substituted anilines to methyl acrylate in acidic medium afforded the methyl 3-(substituted anilino)propionates (96-104), which on treatment with hydrazine hydrate in methanol were converted into corresponding 3-(substituted anilino) propionohydrazides (105-113) in good yields. Microwave irradiation of the latter with pentane-2,4-dione afforded 1-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-3-(substituted anilino) propan-1-ones (114-122) under solventless conditions. A series of new 5-substituted thiobarbituric acid derivatives 5-acetyl-3-aryl-2-thioxo- dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-diones (133-140) were synthesized by cyclocondensation of 1-aroyl-3-arylthioureas with malonic acid in the presence of acetic anhydride. These compounds exist in equilibrium with their enolic tautomeric form 5-(1-hydroxy ethylidene)-3-aryl-2-thioxo-dihydropyrimidine-4,6-(1H,5H)-diones. Plausible mechanism for the formation of products was proposed. Compounds (133-140) were evaluated for their preliminary antibacterial activity against a representative panel of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and were found to exhibit promising activity towards the tested microorganisms using levofloxacin as the reference drug. Of these compounds, the derivative (134) having methoxy group at ortho position of phenyl ring showed the highest effect on pathogenic bacteria and was identified as the lead molecule for further structural modifications. An efficient, synthesis of some 1-aroyl-3-aryl thioureas (123-132) was carried out. Substituted aroyl chlorides were treated with an equimolar quantity of potassium thiocyanate in acetone to afford the corresponding isothiocyantes which were not separated followed by reaction with an equimolar amount of substituted anilines to furnish the 1-aroyl-3-arylthiourea derivatives (123-132) which were assayed in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and were found to exhibit moderate to potent activity towards the tested microorganisms, compared to the standard drugs Tetracycline, Penicillin and Metronidazole.An efficient, regioselective synthesis of some 2-aroylimino-3-aryl-thiazolidin-4-ones (141-150) involving base-catalyzed cyclization of 1-aroyl-3-aryl thioureas with chloroacetyl chloride in dioxane is reported. Compounds (141-150) were assayed in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and were found to exhibit promising activity towards the tested microorganisms, comparable to and in some cases better than those of the standard drugs. The cyclic condensation of 1-aroyl-3-aryl thioureas with dimethyl acetylene dicarboxylate (DMAD) in methanolic solution at room temperature resulted in the formation of methyl [4-oxo-2-(substituted benzoylimino)-3-(substituted phenyl) thiazolidin-5-ylidene] acetates (151-164) in good to excellent yield. The synthesis of bis(thioureas) was carried out by treatment of aroyl/alkyl chloride with potassium thiocyanate and as a result corresponding isothiocyanates were obtained using acetone as solvent. These isothiocyanates were treated with 1,2-phenylene diamine and 1,2-bis(thioureas) (165-172) were obtained in good yield. Similarly, these isothiocyanates were treated with 1,4-phenylene diamine and resulted in 1,4-bis(thioureas) (173-180) synthesis. These bis-(thioureas) were also treated with dimethyl acetylene dicarboxylate (DMAD) and corresponding 1,2-bis(iminothiazolidinone) acetates (181-188) and 1,4- bis(iminothiazolidinone) acetates (189-196) were synthesized in good yield. A series of quinolinyloxy oxa/thiasemicarbazide derivatives (200-207) were synthesized. Intramolecular cyclization of these quinolinyloxy oxa/thiasemicarbazide derivatives in the acidic medium of poly phosphoric acid (PPA) resulted in synthesis of quinolinyloxy 1,3,4-oxa/thiadiazolamine derivatives (208-215) while in basic medium of sodium hydroxide intramolecular cyclization of these quinolinyloxy oxa/thiasemicarbazide derivatives resulted in synthesis of quinolinyloxy 1,2,4- triazolones/thiones derivatives (216-223). A series of 1,2-difluoro-3,4,5,6-tetra substituted phenylbenzene derivatives (226-228) was reported through Suzuki-Miyaura coupling-reaction of 1,2-difluoro-3,4,5,6- tetraiodobenzene with various boronic acid derivatives using tetrakis(triphenyl phosphine) palladium(0) as catalyst. The substrate 1,2-difluoro-3,4,5,6-tetraiodobenzene (225) was also synthesized by treatment of 1,2-difluoro-benzene with molecular iodine in the presence of K2S2O8, trifluoro acetic acid and sulphuric acid.