The applications of macromolecules are widespread in the modern world and their utilities keep on increasing. Several significant developments in the field of polymeric materials engaged transfer of advantageous characteristics via control of polymer architecture. The interest in hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) stems from the ability to manipulate polymer composition to impart a particular set of traits. This basic research work on HBPs was driven by curiosity and charisma of these extremely elegant and intricate architectures. The present thesis aimed to fabricate HBPs in a one-pot method using new monomers synthesized in this work. All the newly synthesized monomers were subjected to FTIR, 1H, 13 C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The next goal was to utilize commercially available monomers in the facile synthesis to different families of HBPs. The reactions were stopped before gelation by the optimization of polymerization conditions. A three pronged strategy to HBP was pursued and in each specific strategy AB2, A2 + B3 and 2A2 + CBB′, the shell chemistry of the HBPs was employed to tailor desirable properties. Initially, a novel AB2 monomer, 6-hydroxy-2,4-bis(4′-nitrobenzamide)pyrimidine (NAL), was synthesized and successfully polymerized to hyperbranched polyamide-ethers (HBPAEs), which was subsequently end modified. Afterward, new trifunctional monomers, 1,3,5-tris(4''-hydroxyphenylcarbamoyl)benzene (THPCB), 1,3,5-tris(3'',4''- carboxyphenyl)benzene trianhydride (TAn), and 1,3,5-tris(4′- aminophenylcarbamoyl)benzene (TAPCB) were designed, synthesized and efficiently polymerized to hyperbranched polyamide-esters (HBPAE), hyperbranched polyester- imides (HBPEI) and hyperbranched polyamides (HBPAs) respectively, via the polymerization of A2 and B3 monomers without gelation. In these cases a dilute A2 solution was added slowly to a dilute B3 solution to prepare HB samples in the absence of gelation. A new 2A2 + CBB′ approach was undertaken where an A2C dimer was formed initially which can be considered as a new A2B type of monomer. Further reaction among A2C molecules resulted in the formation of hyperbranched polyamide-esters (HBPAEs) containing pyrimidine moieties. Complete structural 1 elucidation of the ensuing HBPs was carried out using FTIR, H and i 13 C NMR spectroscopic analyses. Additionally, all the prepared HBPs were characterized for qualitative solubility test, inherent viscosity, molar mass, thermal stability, glass transition temperature (Tg) and crystallinity. Structure-property correlations were established and it was observed that properties depended on end functionality. The degree of branching (DB) determined for HBPs based on the 2A2 + CBB′ approach was found to be >60 % and 41-56 % for the AB2 and A2 + B3 systems. Molar masses were determined using GPC which showed that the prepared HBPs had moderate Mw values. Thermal analyses for different HBPs systems showed that aliphatic HBPs were less thermally stable and had values of Tg lower than aromatic ones. HBPs contain a distinct multiplicity of peripheral functionalities which offer sites for additional chemical modification or as templates for non-covalent intermolecular interactions. Modification of the end groups in the prepared HBPs was carried out using different modifiers and complete modification was achieved proving that reactive terminal functionalities were easily accessible. The modified polymers displayed good solubility in different organic solvents. The properties of HB systems were compared with their linear analogues based on the same backbone structure. Accordingly, solution viscosity measurements exhibited that HBPs had lower solution viscosity, enhanced solubility and predominantly amorphous character compared to their linear analogues of comparable molar masses. Tg evaluation of HBP samples of different systems were carried out and showed that our HB systems demonstrated a lower Tg than their linear counterparts. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding between pyrimidine nitrogens and the amide NH groups of adjacent molecules provided the basis for material uniqueness. In addition, pyrimidine moieties played a vital role in producing outstanding thermal properties of HBPs; therefore, pyrimidine rings influenced the structural and material characteristics of these HBPs. Future prospects and potential applications of these HBPs are also envisaged.
سی حرفی ۔۸ (تن بیتاں وچ مکمل) الف آماہی، ’ب‘ بہت تھکی، ت تاہنگ تیری پئی مار دی اے ث ثابتی نہیں، ’ج‘ جگر باہجوں، ’ح‘ حالت گئی گھر بار دی اے خ خوشی گئی، ’د‘ دکھ بہتے، ’ذ‘ ذکر تے فکر سب یار دی اے ر رب وارث، ’ز‘ زاریاں دا، ’س‘ سک حنیف دیدار دی اے
ش شوق لگا، ’ص‘ صادقاں دا، ’ض‘ ضعف نہیں کجھ نتار دا اے ط طوق پیا، ’ظ‘ ظالماں دا، ’ع‘ عاشقاں ہانگرا دار دا اے غ غم لگا، ’ف‘ فکر ڈاہڈا، ’ق‘ قسم مینوں شوق یار دا اے ک کون کٹے، ’ل‘ لکھ دتا،’م‘ مویاں نوں یار کیوں مار دا اے
ن نیہہ ڈونگھی، چڑھی گھٹ کالی، اساں لنگھنا پہلڑے پور یارو و واہ کوئی نہیں، ہور راہ کوئی نہیں، ’ہ‘ ہڑ دا سماں ضرور یارو لا لا مکان دا پتہ دسے، ’ی‘ یاد نہ مان غرور یارو ے یار حنیف بھلائی دنیا، کیڈ پائے نیں عشق فتور یارو سی حرفی۔۹ (ہک بیت وچ اٹھ حرف) الف الٰہی، میل ماہی نوں، ’ب‘ برے دن آئے نیں ت تلوار برہوں دی لٹکے، ’ث‘ ثواب کمائے نیں ج جوانی آخر فانی، ’ح‘حائل غم آئے نیں خ خوف حنیف وچھوڑے اندر، ’د‘ دکھاں دے سائے نیں
ذ ذکر تیرے وچ رہندی، ’ر‘ رخ ویکھاں ماہی دا ز زیارت لکھ ثواباں، ’س‘ سوہنا چن چاہی دا ش شوخاں دے ناز نہورے، ’ص‘ صفا دل چاہی دا ض ضدی سنگ دل حنیف اے، مان حسن دی شاہی دا
ط طواف کریں دن راتیں، ’ظ‘ ظالم کوئی خبر نہیوں ع عشق دے کٹھے عاشق، ’غ‘ غصہ تے جبر نہیوں ف فائدہ کی شکویاں سندا، ’ق‘ قسمت وچ اجر نہیوں ک کتھے چھڈ گیوں ماہی، کجھ حنیف نوں صبر نہیوں
Seerah is a separate Islamic science from Hadith as their primary sources are different. Although there are some extents where there is over laying between them, but traditionally Seerah has different principles as compared to Hadith. The Scholars of Hadith were very strict in applying their rules whereas the scholars of Seerah were more flexible. The reason is, when academics were dealing with Ahadiths and deducingdivine rulings, they wanted to make sure they were founding the rulings on Ahadiths that were authentic and sound. So that is why they applied very stringent rules to accept Ahadith. However, when it came to Seerah, they were more flexible in their rules, because they study this as history of The Prophet PBUH which does not touch the Sharia rulings. So, we find that writers of Seerah would accept narrations, they would not usually accept if they were dealing with Ahadith. This practice with Seerah narrations was followed by our early scholars. But recently, there is a new movement among some of our researchers that they wanted to apply the rules of Ahadith on Seerah. We do not agree this approach and in this article, we have had a humble effort to compile a set of rules for acceptance of Seerah narrations.
Literature on educational development suggests that the last decade has witnessed tremendous quantitative expansion in education but the quality of education being offered in developing countries has been a main concern for everyone. One of the reasons could be due to recruitment of untrained teachers, since experienced teachers have started leaving the profession. This has further aggravated the situation. Hence, many developing countries including Pakistan initiated effective teacher education programmes. The Aga Khan University, Institute for Educational Development has played a critical role by offering a wide range of teacher education programmes. The purpose of these programmes is to develop critical mass for institutional capacity building, required for school improvement. The M.Ed. programmes graduates called Professional Development Teachers (PDTs), work closely with teachers, in general, and inexperienced teachers in particular in their own context. In order to understand the role of PDTs in the professional development of novice teachers, a qualitative study was conducted in AKU-IED's four cooperating schools. A battery of research tools such as interview, observation and document analysis were used to gather the relevant information. The study suggests some important findings related to PDTs' role in the professional development of novice teachers. The PDTs seemed to have an adequate understanding of how to work with novice teachers for their professional development. The novice teachers feel that the PDTs have been great supporters for enhancing their professional learning. However, novice teachers need more professional support in the areas such as pedagogical approaches, classroom management, and material development. PDTs seem to have a major agenda of professional development in both, private and community-based schools; they need to use multiple instructional strategies for the professional development of novice teachers.