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Home > Synthesis and Characterization of Manganese Based Thin Films Using Pulsed Laser Deposition Technique

Synthesis and Characterization of Manganese Based Thin Films Using Pulsed Laser Deposition Technique

Thesis Info

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Author

Jamil, Haamid

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Engineering and Technology

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Physics

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10457/1/Haamid_Jamil_Physics_HSR_2018_UET_Lahore_PRR.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727451579

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Thin films of un-doped manganese oxide and cobalt doped manganese oxide targets have been deposited on silicon surface under different conditions of deposition temperature and oxygen pressure using Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) technique. Films were characterized using XRD and FTIR for structural parameters, FESEM, AFM and optical microscope for surface roughness and morphology studies, Stylus Profiler for thickness measurement, EDX and XPS for elemental composition and oxidation state determinations. It has been found that at low oxygen pressure, a single crystalline phase of manganese oxide (Mn3O4) has been obtained, found to be stable at higher deposition temperatures but new planes appeared with variation in temperatures. These variations in temperature also affect thickness of the films directly. The bandgap was the largest (2.51 eV) and thickness was least approximately 323 nm obtained at 600 nm. When oxygen pressure increased, films became polycrystalline and each film has multiple manganese oxide phases. At lower deposition temperature, oxygen rich phases (MnO2 and Mn2O3) were dominant and at higher deposition temperature Mn3O4 was dominant but MnO2 was also found at 800 nm unexpectedly. Films were found to be smooth and thin with increase in deposition temperature. The largest bandgap (3.03 eV) and least thickness of the films (nearly 100 nm) was seen at 800 nm. On further increase in oxygen pressure, films were found to be polycrystalline at lower deposition temperatures having Mn2O3 and Mn3O4 phases which transform into single phase (Mn3O4) at 800 nm. Crystallite size and texture of the planes including other structural parameters also vary due to variation in deposition conditions but no new phases were found at these conditions. Elemental ratio also varies under different conditions. The largest band gap in this case was found to be 2.28 eV at 800 nm. Thickness of the films shows dependence on oxygen pressure and at low oxygen pressure it was higher than the films at higher oxygen pressure. Bandgap was also affected by oxygen pressure. Higher deposition temperature and oxygen pressure is suitable to obtained higher bandgap. Results from cobalt doped manganese oxide thin films showed that no phase of cobalt oxide was found (using XRD technique) but the crystallinity of films was poor as compared to undoped manganese oxide thin films, with multiple phases of manganese oxide having increased FHWM values. Surface morphology of these thin films was also different from undoped manganese oxide thin films deposited under the same conditions of substrate temperature and oxygen pressure. Thickness of the films deposited at room temperature was higher than the films deposited at higher temperatures. But at higher deposition temperature variation in film thickness was quite random. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of cobalt oxide in thin films but XPS analysis only showed presence of cobalt oxide fractionally only in few samples. This shows that doping of cobalt oxide in manganese oxide can affect structure, surface and optical properties but cannot be used to grow crystals and was neither uniformly distributed.
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کچھ مصنف کے بارے میں

کچھ مصنف کے بارے میں
اصل نام : حافظ محمد ارشد
قلمی نام:ارشد ملک
تخلص: ملک
۲۹ جولائی ۱۹۹۵ء بروز ہفتہ پشاور ننھیال میں پیدایش ہوئی۔ گھر میں پہلا بچہ ہونے کے باعث والدین اور قریبی رشتہ داروں میں خوشی کی لہر دوڑ اٹھی۔ سب نے بہت پیارکیا اورنازاٹھائے۔ارشد ملک کے والد کا نام محمد اشرف ہے اور والدہ کا نام سلمہٰ اشرف ہے۔ ارشد ملک کے والدین کا تعلق ضلع فیروز پور تحصیل موگا پنڈ دولت پورہ متحدہ ہندوستان سے تھا۔ بعد ازاں جب پاکستان معرضِ وجود میں آیا تو ہجرت کر کے پاکستان کے شہر قصور کے کیمپ میں دس پندرہ دن گزارے۔ پھر قصور سے دولمی ،پھر بڈھے والا کھوہ راوی، پھر وہاں سے کہروڑ پکا آئے اور ٹھیکے پر کھیتی باڑی کا پیشہ اختیار کیا۔ پھر وہاں سے وہاڑی سکونت اختیار کی اور آج تک وہاڑی میں ہی سکونت پذیر ہیں۔ ارشد ملک کے دادا ابو کا نام حاجی محمد شریف اور دادی اماں کا نام شریفاں بی بی ہے جو بقیدِ حیات ہیں۔
ارشد ملک جب پیدا ہوئے تھے تو ان کے تایا جی کی گود میں ڈال دیا تھا۔ چوں کہ ان کی پہلی بیوی سے اولاد نہیں تھی۔ بعد ازاں دوسری شادی سے اللہ تعالیٰ نے اولاد کی نعمت سے نوازا۔ پھر ارشد ملک اپنے اصل والدین کی زیرِ کفالت آگئے۔ ابتدائی تعلیم قائد اعظم ماڈل ہائی سکول وہاڑی سے حاصل کی اور پرائمری پاس کرنے کے بعد جامعہ مدنیہ جامع مسجد باغ والی سے قرآنِ کریم کی تعلیم حاصل کرنے کے لیے داخلہ لیا۔ اور قرآنِ مجید حفظ کیا۔ حفظ کے بعد آٹھویں جماعت کا پرائیویٹ امتحان پاس کیا۔پھر گورنمنٹ تیمور شہید اسکول میں میٹرک کا امتحان پاس کیا ۔میٹرک کا امتحان پاس کرنے کے بعد گورنمنٹ پوسٹ گریجوایٹ کالج وہاڑی سے ایف۔ایس سی اور بعد ازاں...

التفكك الأسري بين التداعيات والتحديات: دراسة تقييمية لبعض الدراسات السوسيولوجية

انطلقت الدراسة من هدف رئيس يتمثل في محاولة الكشف عن التداعيات الناجمة عن التفكك الأسري والحد من استفحالها، وأنبثق عنه عدة أهداف فرعية من بينها: محاولة التعرف على محاور اهتمام الدراسات المعتمدة في الدراسة والمهتمة بالتفكك الأُسري، والكشف عن نتائج الدراسات السابقة، وإذا ما حققت هذه الدراسات أهدافها أم لا، وتقديم مقترحات ورؤى استشرافية بالحلول المستقبلية للحد من ظاهرة التفكك الأسري بوصفه ظاهرة تهدد الكيان الأسري. أُجريت الدراسة على إحدى عشر دراسة بهدف تحليلها وفق العديد من المحاور من حيث الهدف والنتائج والمقترحات بالحلول، وقد استخدمت الباحثة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، ومن خلاله تبين وجود منحى وتوجه اتخذته الدراسات السابقة المعتمدة من خلال تناول التفكك باعتباره عامل مؤثر في الجريمة والانحراف باختلاف المجتمعات المدروسة، والتي تتناسب فعليًا مع ارتفاع معدلات ونسب الطلاق والهجر وفقدان أحد الوالدين، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى نتائج منها : تعدد العوامل المسببة للتفكك الأسري من بينها تأثير أعباء العمل- ثقافة العولمة في زيادة نسبة التفكك الأسري، وتسبب التفكك الأسري في إيجاد العديد من الظواهر من بينها ظاهرة التسول والانحراف والجريمة، وقدمت الباحثة مقترحات ورؤى استشرافية للحد من انتشار ظاهرة التفكك الأسري، من أهمها تكوين مراكز إرشاد أسري متخصصة للحد من التفكك الأسري، وضرورة وضع خطط استراتيجية تُعنى بإعادة صقل وحدات المجتمع المتعرضة للانحراف، وتفعيل دور وسائل الأعلام والقيام ببرامج توعوية تكون بمثابة رسالة موجهة للأسرة لتقويم وتحسين دورها نحو أعضائها اولاً ونحو المجتمع

Patterns of Fatal Gunshot Injuries in Nairobi: A Prospective Forensic Study

Introduction: Gunshot injuries are one of the leading causes of fatal and non fatal injury in many countries (1) .All over the world, injury studies show an increasing preference for the gun as the weapon of choice for homicides and suicides (2).Firearms are more lethal compared to other portable and concealable weapons (2). Gunshot injuries impact severely on the criminal justice as well as health care systems (3, 4). There is no available published statistics on fatal gunshot injuries inKenya. Some basic statistics are important in understanding the magnitude and severity of the socio-economic burden caused by gunshot injuries. Objective: To determine the patterns of fatal gunshot injuries inNairobi. Methods: A cross sectional prospective autopsy based study carried out between 1st June 2009 and 30th November 2009 at theNairobi city mortuary and at the medico legal unit, Ministry of Health – Government of Kenya. Consecutive postmortems were conducted to determine the patterns of fatal gunshot injuries on all victims of fatal gunshot injuries seen withinNairobi. Data was entered into SPSS database and analyzed using SPSS version 15. Results: One hundred and ninety four (194) fatal gun shot cases were consecutively sampled over a period of 6 months. Majority of the victims (65%) were in the 21 – 30 years age bracket with the youngest victim being 16 years old and the oldest victim being 75 years old. Males were the main victims comprising 99% of the fatalities. Criminals constituted 75.2% of the victims while Civilians constituted 17% and police officers 3.1 %.Most of the victims were shot by police officers (76.8%) while criminals executed 14.4% of the victims. Most of the bodies (63.4%) had more than 1 gunshot entry wound with one of the bodies having 14 gunshot entry wounds. Majority (51%) of the bodies had gunshot entry wounds over multiple anatomic sites with the head and chest as the main targets. 80.4% of the gunshot entry wounds were estimated to have been of medium range of firing. The reconstructed direction of firing showed that 36.1% of the bodies had a front to back direction of firing. 47.4% of the bodies had multiple vital organ injuries with the brain the single most injured organ (31.4%). The manner of death was mainly homicidal (99.0%) while suicidal and accidental each constituted 0.5% of the cases. Head and chest injury were the major causes of death constituting 54.6 %. Conclusion: There was a