اس کا نام تو مراد بخش تھا لیکن اس کی قسمت میں نامرادی لکھ دی گئی تھی۔ خوش بختی سے اسے ایک چاند سی بیوی تو ملی تھی لیکن اس چاند کو گہن لگا ہوا تھا۔ اس کے ارد گرد جگ مگ کرتے ہوئے تاروں کا دور دور تک نام و نشان نہیں تھا۔ وہ اور اس کی بیوی امید و آس کے ہر ایک دروازے پر دستک دے چکے تھے لیکن مراد بخش کی آرزوؤں کا چاند نیلگوں آسمان پر تنہا ڈوبتا ابھرتا رہا۔ اس کی ماں بہو کی گود ہری دیکھنے کی تمنا لیے اس دنیا سے رخصت ہوگئی۔ آخر بارہ برس کا طویل انتظار کچھ کم تو نہیں ہوتا۔ یہاں تو بارہ گھنٹے بارہ منٹ اور بارہ پل میں دنیا کہاں سے کہاں جا پہنچتی ہے۔ اس کی ماں بھی اپنی سونی آنکھوں اور خالی بانہوں میں ایک نرم و گرم اور سبک و لطیف لمس کی تمنا لیے اپنے مالک حقیقی سے شکایت کرنے آپہنچی۔ لیکن پھر بھی گھر کا چراغ روشن نہ ہوا۔ آنگن میں لگے ہوئے بیلا کے پودوں پر اُجلے اُجلے پھول نہ کھلے۔ کیاریوں میں جمائے گئے رنگ برنگ تخم زمین کی نرمی سے ہم آغوش ہوکر بھی انکور نہ ہوسکے اور حسبِ معمول اس بار بھی نیم کے پیڑ پر پھل تو لگے لیکن کسی کوئل کے کوکنے کی صدا سنائی نہ دی۔
اب مراد بخش اپنے دوست احباب سے بھی کترانے لگا تھا۔ ہمدردی کے دو بول اسے اپنے سینے میں کانٹے کی طرح چبھتے ہوئے محسوس ہوتے۔ کچھ منہ پھٹ قسم کے شناسا اسے اپنے طنز کا نشانہ بنائے رکھتے تھے اور موقع پاکر کوئی نہ کوئی لطیفہ اس کی شخصیت سے جوڑنے میں انہیں خاصا لطف آتا تھا۔ وہ تلملا کر رہ جاتا۔ کبھی اپنی کڑواہٹ کو مسکراہٹ میں چھپانے اور کبھی اس طرح انجان...
Drawing on the theoretical perspectives of structural vulnerability and violence, this study examines how the ‘2005 earthquake’ in Pakistan affected the female gender. It aims to find out the unique experiences of the socio-cultural vulnerability of gender, which led them to migrate towards other places. It attempts to identify those factors which contributed to women's vulnerability. Qualitative research methods, such as key-informant and in-depth interviews, were used in this research. In-depth interviews were conducted by using a purposive sampling technique with thirty highly affected women of Balakot belonging to twenty-five households. The present study finds out six major themes, almost all dealing with a lack of privacy and females’ private domain. These include: a) gendered migration; b) ethnicity; c) problems of toilet and bathing; d) problems for pregnant women; e) difficulty in looking after the family; and, f) forced sexual relations. Data collection from respondents of different ages, class, and caste helped us to understand the lived experiences of the women of Balakot. The study finds out that gendered vulnerability plays a very important role in making decisions to migrate. This study might influence governments to bring the required changes in their policies to serve the women population better during and after disasters.
Present work is aimed at designing, implementing and validating computational procedure for the fluid flow and heat transfer analysis through the annular sector duct. This work will provide the complete heat transfer analysis and will be useful in developing an understanding of controlling parameter characterizing the configuration of annular sector duct. Chapter 1 is devoted to introduction and literature review, whereas, in chapter 2, we have selected a literature problem and discretised that by using two well known techniques finite difference method, (FDM) and finite volume method, (FV M). By comparing the results obtained from both procedures with the literature, we have selected one procedure for further mathematical models of the dissertation. In the chapter 3, we have carried out the study of forced convective Newtonian fluid flow, by considering the two different cases. In the 1st case, we have studied the forced convective flow of Newtonian fluid under the influence of uniform transverse magnetic field, applied perpendicular to the direction of flow. In the 2nd case, we have studied the influence of uniform transverse magnetic field on electrically conducting Newtonian fluid flow through annulus sector duct, filled with Darcy Brinkman porous media. As most of the fluids in nature are non-Newtonian, therefore, to make our model more realistic, we have replaced the Newtonian fluid with the power law fluid. In the chapter 4, we have carried out the study of forced convective power law fluid flow, by considering the four different cases. In the 1st case, we have studied the impact of flow behaviour index, n, on the forced convective flow in both pseudo-plastic and dilatant fluids. In the 2nd case, we have carried out the influence of magnetic field on electrically conducting power law fluid. We have studied the impact of n in both fluids for different value of Ha. In both cases, successive over relaxation, (SOR), method is used to solve the system of algebraic equations, obtained by using the FV M. In the 3rd and 4th cases, we have studied the impact of porosity factor, K, on forced convective flow of power law fluid through an annular sector duct, filled with Darcy Brinkman porous media in the absence and presence of uniform transverse magnetic field. In both cases, we have used the strongly implicit procedure, (SIP), to solve the system of algebraic equation, and compared with SOR method on the based of convergence. To achieve further enhancement in the heat transfer rate, addition of nano scale particles to the base fluid is an established research methodology now a days. Therefore, in chapter 5, we have studied the impact the nano scale particles on the forced convective flow of power law fluid by considering two different cases. Two types of nano scale particle (i.e Copper, Cu and Titanium oxide, TiO2) are used. Finally to make the dissertation wholesome, in chapter 6, we have studied the combined effect of viscous dissipation and Joule heating on the forced convective flow of power law fluid in absence and presence of nano scale particles. At the end of dissertation, we give brief of the future work.