Membrane is a thin, delicate, flat sheet which acts as a barrier for selective transport of species under the impact of some driving force. Membrane technology has gained important place in industrial and medicinal field because of its easy utility, efficient performance and low cast. Hemodialysis is an extensively used medical therapy for renal failure and dialysis membranes are essential components of a hemodialysis. The essential properties of a dialysis membrane are high mass transfer of toxic solutes (urea and uric acid) to reduce the dialysis time, maximum protein rejection ability and moderate water flux. Protein adsorption or deposition on the surface or in its pores results in reduction in flux, change of selectivity of the membrane and the low toxin elimination. Polymeric membrane fabricated from cellulose, regenerated cellulose and synthetic polymers are well known for dialysis. Asymmetric Cellulose Acetate (CA) membranes were prepared through phase inversion method and they were modified by blending various organic and inorganic additives. The effects of these additives on membrane’s morphology were investigated using Atomic Force Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy and Contact Angle. Fabricated membrane’s performance was studied in terms of pure water flux, porosity, water uptake, BSA rejection and urea clearance tests. Biocompatibility and blood mimic tests were conducted to find the interaction of synthesized membrane towards cell culture and blood comparable fluids. In first part, CA was blended with poly-ethylene glycol (PEG). The membranes were modified by blending CA/PEG casting solution with glycol. The modified membrane showed good selectivity for urea but was not suitable for dialysis operation. Hence, the composition was reformed using Hydroxyapatite particles (inorganic additive). The results showed enhanced BSA rejection and urea clearance but the obtained percentages were low to be utilized in dialysis. The biocompatibility outcomes of CA/PEG/HA membrane make it appropriate for other biomedical applications. In the second part, CA was blended with organic additives including sericine, Poly vinylpyrolidone (PVP) and polyethylene imine (PEI) to improve BSA rejection and Urea clearance of polymeric membrane. These membranes possess moderate pure water flux and hydrophilicity. Performance evaluation investigations confirmed that all these membranes had good pure water flux and BSA rejection above 90%. Membranes fabricated using blend of CA and PEI have highest urea clearance of 67.2%. So, this membrane was selected for further adjustment. During the last part, effect of solvent on CA/PEI dialysis membrane was investigated. Various solvents including acetic acid, formic acid, N, N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) and 1-Methyl-2-pyrolidone (NMP) were tested. The performance efficiency of synthesized membranes verified to, when CA was blended with formic acid (F.A) have desired dialysis characteristics. It possesses moderate hydrophilicity, desired pure water flux value, optimum water uptake, above 98% BSA rejection and urea clearance percentage of 69%. The biocompatibility tests were conducted for CA/PEI/FA membrane using MTT (3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide )assay. It was found that the materials selected for this membrane fabrication were most suitable for dialysis application. Highest cell viability and cellular attachment found in biocompatibility analysis was higher in comparison with commercial dialysis tubing and non-treated control standard. CA/PEI/F.A membrane was further inspected via blood mimic solution to find the performance of membrane commensurate with blood type feed. The up short of the present work is that CA/PEI/F.A membrane is the best possible solution for dialysis. Providing new insight in the dialysis domain; this membrane is not only cost effective but also has high BSA rejection and Urea clearance. Accordingly, biocompatibility and blood mimic results prove it to be the finest device/implant for hemodialyser unit.
نہایت رنج و افسوس اور حسرت و اندوہ کے ساتھ ہم ناظرین کو یہ خبر سناتے ہیں کہ ملک کی بزم دانش کا ایک نوجوان ممبر اٹھ گیا، مولانا محمد یونس فرنگی محلی مرحوم نے پچھلے مہینہ لکھنؤ میں بمرضِ دق وفات پائی۔ مرحوم مولانا عبدالحئی مرحوم فرنگی محلی کے نواسے تھے اور اپنے ذاتی علم و فضل میں اپنے ہمعصر نوجوانوں میں ممتاز تھے۔ ۲۴، ۲۵ برس سے زیادہ عمر نہ تھی، معقولات اور فلسفہ سے ان کو خاص دلچسپی تھی اور اپنی عمر کا بڑا حصہ انہیں کی تحقیق اور کاوش میں بسر کیا۔ خود اپنے ذاتی شوق سے انگریزی اور فلسفۂ جدید حاصل کیا۔ دارالمصنفین اور معارف سے مرحوم کو خاص محبت تھی، کئی سال سے ان کی صحت مخدوش تھی، باایں ہمہ وہ اپنے علمی انہماک سے باز نہیں آتے تھے۔ گزشتہ سال عثمانیہ یونیورسٹی میں پروفیسر ہوکر گئے تھے، وہاں مرض نے طول پکڑا، آخر وطن آکر اس شہید علم نے جان دی، مرحوم کی ایک کتاب ’’روح الاجتماع‘‘ دارالمصنفین سے چھپ کر شائع ہوچکی ہے اور اپنی ایک اور دوسری تصنیف ابن رشد کا مسودہ دارالمصنفین میں بھیج چکے تھے جو عنقریب چھپ کر شائع ہوگی۔ مرحوم کے دوستوں کو ان کی ذات سے بڑی بڑی توقعات تھیں اور خیال تھا کہ ان کی کوششوں سے فرنگی محل کی عقلی اور فلسفیانہ شان پھر دوبارہ زندہ ہوگی۔ افسوس کہ دستِ اجل نے امان نہ دی، انالِلّٰہ۔ (سید سليمان ندوی، دسمبر ۱۹۲۲ء)
Peace is the key source of all virtues. Unfortunately, since long all the world especially Muslim ummah is facing extremism and terrorism. It is very tragic are mostly those who are having the labels of Islam. One of the many reasons for this is the weakness of beliefs. Today many people have misconceptions about basic beliefs of Islam. Such people are responsible for destroying the peace of society. The best and easy solution to avoid all these riots and setting up peace is to focus on improving their beliefs. Without this the desire to establish peace is nothing more than a dream. In spite of the intention of eliminating the riots with the latest cameras, sensors, radar and all the richest resources available in the world's developed countries. There is not a single woman who travels far away from the remote and is not afraid of anyone except Allah. But the Islam, fourteen centuries ago, showed that a woman travelled alone from?ir? To Makkah and would not have been afraid of anyone except Allah. It was possible only when the prophet (pbuh) spent his life preaching in Makkah about the purification of beliefs. In history, it is always a tradition that whenever corruption is increased on earth, Allah altered this corruption by the prophets and all the prophets started their mission with correction of beliefs.
Every year, the development in handheld communication technologies is being made at an extraordinary speed and the smartphone has seen a spectacular enhancement throughout the world. Today smartphone has become an essential gadget in our lives. In many ways, the smartphone facilitates our relationships enabling us to contact those who would not otherwise be able to converse face-to-face. In fact, smartphone has been converted into an all-in-one device as it provides access, like SMS, voice and video call, Internet through Wi-Fi, sharing and editing MS word files. It has become an important aspect of youth’s daily life that has moved from a mere ‘technological object’ to a key in ‘social object’. Despite of the fact, this device has projected many challenges and prospects. The overall functions and usage of the smartphone has attracted youth to different purposes and to perform various functions in their daily life. However, the present study is primarily a cross-sectional social survey applying quantitative approach. A questionnaire on five-point Likert scale was developed to collect the data from subjects. Cluster, multistage simple random and purposive sampling techniques were applied to select a sample from four universities. The sample comprised 800 subjects (male and female) studying at BA/BSc and MA/MSc level in selected universities (p.78). Different tests like Regression Analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Chi-Square and Cross-tabulation were applied to analyse the results and interpretation. The reliability of questionnaire was also assessed through Cronbach’s alpha which was 0.79 (p.80). Almost all the subjects (youth) were found using smartphone in different ways and at different times. Their responses showed that they were selective in using social network applications. The male subjects, in majority, used social applications for building social relationship as compared to female subjects. Most of the male subjects liked WhatsApp, Facebook, Round and Viber; whereas, female subjects had been using WhatsApp and Facebook only for social relationships. The overall results proposed that smartphone usage habits had impacted positively on the social behaviour of youth. Most of the subjects were found using smartphone in activities like making friends for social relationship, capturing pictures of friends during social gathering and sharing x them with other friends. They also used emails with smartphone for sharing some social events or other activities with friends. The overall findings documented that smartphone usage had a positive impact on values, beliefs, education, social relationship and social behaviour of youth in Pakistan which was significantly proved. The majority of the subjects agreed that smartphones usage led to increase social relationships, and had a positive impact on their social behaviour. The results of t-test of selected variables also proved that youth (both male and female) was more inclined to the smartphones usage. The results also showed that emerging patterns of social behaviour were associated with the smartphone usage in social connection. Based on findings, it has been suggested that university teachers may establish learning environment for youth like BYOD (By Your Own Demand) or SMILE (Smartphone Interactive Learning Environment). In the nutshell, it is convenient to conclude that the smartphone has become an essential part of the youth’s life for interaction, sharing, liking, etc. The most prominent findings were that youth with higher levels of smartphone usage had a greater tendency to engage in using social networking applications for social relationship.