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Home > Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric Membranes for Dialysis Application

Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric Membranes for Dialysis Application

Thesis Info

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Author

Waheed, Hizba

Program

PhD

Institute

National University of Sciences & Technology

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2019

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Energetic Materials Engineering

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12558/1/Hizba%20Waheed-Energetic%20Materials%202019%20SCME-NUST.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727461806

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Membrane is a thin, delicate, flat sheet which acts as a barrier for selective transport of species under the impact of some driving force. Membrane technology has gained important place in industrial and medicinal field because of its easy utility, efficient performance and low cast. Hemodialysis is an extensively used medical therapy for renal failure and dialysis membranes are essential components of a hemodialysis. The essential properties of a dialysis membrane are high mass transfer of toxic solutes (urea and uric acid) to reduce the dialysis time, maximum protein rejection ability and moderate water flux. Protein adsorption or deposition on the surface or in its pores results in reduction in flux, change of selectivity of the membrane and the low toxin elimination. Polymeric membrane fabricated from cellulose, regenerated cellulose and synthetic polymers are well known for dialysis. Asymmetric Cellulose Acetate (CA) membranes were prepared through phase inversion method and they were modified by blending various organic and inorganic additives. The effects of these additives on membrane’s morphology were investigated using Atomic Force Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy and Contact Angle. Fabricated membrane’s performance was studied in terms of pure water flux, porosity, water uptake, BSA rejection and urea clearance tests. Biocompatibility and blood mimic tests were conducted to find the interaction of synthesized membrane towards cell culture and blood comparable fluids. In first part, CA was blended with poly-ethylene glycol (PEG). The membranes were modified by blending CA/PEG casting solution with glycol. The modified membrane showed good selectivity for urea but was not suitable for dialysis operation. Hence, the composition was reformed using Hydroxyapatite particles (inorganic additive). The results showed enhanced BSA rejection and urea clearance but the obtained percentages were low to be utilized in dialysis. The biocompatibility outcomes of CA/PEG/HA membrane make it appropriate for other biomedical applications. In the second part, CA was blended with organic additives including sericine, Poly vinylpyrolidone (PVP) and polyethylene imine (PEI) to improve BSA rejection and Urea clearance of polymeric membrane. These membranes possess moderate pure water flux and hydrophilicity. Performance evaluation investigations confirmed that all these membranes had good pure water flux and BSA rejection above 90%. Membranes fabricated using blend of CA and PEI have highest urea clearance of 67.2%. So, this membrane was selected for further adjustment. During the last part, effect of solvent on CA/PEI dialysis membrane was investigated. Various solvents including acetic acid, formic acid, N, N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAC) and 1-Methyl-2-pyrolidone (NMP) were tested. The performance efficiency of synthesized membranes verified to, when CA was blended with formic acid (F.A) have desired dialysis characteristics. It possesses moderate hydrophilicity, desired pure water flux value, optimum water uptake, above 98% BSA rejection and urea clearance percentage of 69%. The biocompatibility tests were conducted for CA/PEI/FA membrane using MTT (3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide )assay. It was found that the materials selected for this membrane fabrication were most suitable for dialysis application. Highest cell viability and cellular attachment found in biocompatibility analysis was higher in comparison with commercial dialysis tubing and non-treated control standard. CA/PEI/F.A membrane was further inspected via blood mimic solution to find the performance of membrane commensurate with blood type feed. The up short of the present work is that CA/PEI/F.A membrane is the best possible solution for dialysis. Providing new insight in the dialysis domain; this membrane is not only cost effective but also has high BSA rejection and Urea clearance. Accordingly, biocompatibility and blood mimic results prove it to be the finest device/implant for hemodialyser unit.
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محبوب دی یاد

محبوب دی یاد
ساری رات میں رکھیاں تاہنگاں
دھمی ککڑاں دتیاں بانگاں
ملاں اُٹھ مسیت نوں جاوے
اللہ دا سد پیا سناوے
نیکاں دے ایہہ من نوں بھاوے
بُریاں وجن پیّاں سانگاں
ساری رات میں رکھیاں تاہنگاں
ساری دنیا سکھ نال سوندی
مینوں ستیاں نیند نہ اوندی
یاد سجن دی پئی تڑپوندی
کندھ عشق دی کیویں لانگاں
ساری رات میں رکھیاں تاہنگاں
دسو ہا کوئی عشق دا دارو
دکھاں دا کوئی بن جائو بھارو
جنگل ڈھونڈیا تے تھل مارو
دل وچ وجدیاں نیں اَج کانگاں
ساری رات میں رکھیاں تاہنگاں

واٹ ’’روم‘‘(۱) دی سئے کوہاں دی
میری کوئی پیش نہ جاندی
خبر ملے جے ول وطناں دی
جاواں گی فیر مار چھلانگاں
ساری رات میں رکھیاں تاہنگاں
جہلم شہر دی سوہنیاں جائیں
جتھے رہندا دلبر سائیں
مولا سانوں جلد ملائیں
ایہو نت دعائیں مانگاں
ساری رات میں رکھیاں تاہنگاں
قادریؔ سائیں سنجے ویہڑے
رانجھن باہجھوں دسدے کھیڑے
یار ملے مک جاون جھیڑے
نالے مکن ہکلاں چانگاں
ساری رات میں رکھیاں تاہنگاں
(۱)۔ مرشد پاک کا قیام کچھ عرصہ اٹلی(روم) میں بھی رہا ہے۔

غربت کے خاتمہ کے لیے ازواجِ مطہرات کی مساعی

Islam as a religion is not based on empty or futile theories. Infact it intensely educates in altering a practical approach towards ones exixtence both as an individual and or a social being. It is the only religion which lead the way towards welfare/ "Falah" and Qura Calls such people Muflihon. Falah is for both render, either it is a man or a woman. Women especially Holy Prophet's wives are never leave behind in poor's uplift and public welfare. From the very beginning of UMMAHATUL-MOMINEEN (Holy Prophet's wives) are playing vital role in social or public welfare an till in this modern era and patriarchal society, they are role model to help plebians. The Islamic values as the world knows of them today were brought to light through our last messanger (P.B.U.H), assigned with the most important task in probably the most crucial era of human history. With the injustice all over the globe and the leaders of super powers in a rift with each other to dominate the world, exhausted the most important of resouces i.e. The humanity. The divine manifiesto of the Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) and the lives of wives of Holy Prophet was actually based upon justice among masses and the preservation of conflict torn humanity. The intellectual wisdom of Holy Prophet's wives in the given situation was to restore order while restoring justice based upon the reformative rule of law as depicted by the Islamic ideology. The main aim of this very importatnt initiative was to reintroduce the humanity with the most important elements such as humility, mutual respect an retoration of long forgotten code of ethics. The basic foundation of our last Prophet's wives idealogy was to uplift poor whether they are Muslims or not. They successfully ordained the resurfacing, prevalence and practice of the same code of ethics. Now days many of such examples are prevalent in the world, not as a whole yet, though to a certain extent which is holding it together. The war torn and devastated west of the medieval found its solution in applying the same Islamic rule of law in their society in late 17th century and onward. It therefore can be deduced that the same code of ethics, which can be referred to the Quran, the sacred Islamic book, possibly offers the most effective solutions in order to ensure the societal and social development in current era.

An Evaluation of the Testing of English at Intermediate Level With Reference to Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education in the Punjab

The study explores the evaluation criteria of individual and groups of raters as well as computes their inter rater and intra rater reliability on a national level high stakes examination in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The study thus looks at the process (the evaluation criteria) and the product (actual scores).Out of a total of nine examination Boards in the Punjab, three are in the South Punjab (SP). 34 raters from Multan, and 30 from DG Khan and Bahawalpur Board each totaling 94 markers, evaluated 20 essays twice after a gap of at least six weeks. The raters were not provided any rating scale to evaluate the essay since none is provided by the Boards they work with. They were asked to evaluate the essays as they did in the real in the examination centers and give an overall score to each essay. Only the seasoned raters with a minimum of ten years experience were recruited for this study to control for the ‘experience’ variable. There were 5 essays on each of the four topics (A Picnic Party, Patriotism, Co-education and Science). The essay topics were selected from the previous examination questions. After all the markers (n=94) had examined the same essay set (n=20) the second time (Time 2) they were asked to write a short written commentary to explain their evaluation criteria .The quantity of the response varied among individual and groups. Out of 473 paragraphs, 265 were written by males and 208 by female respondents. Following this task, 20 raters were interviewed using semi-structured format to crosscheck and better understand the findings from the qualitative as well as quantitative data.