Multidimensional magnetic cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by a co-precipitation method under the effect of three capping agents called sorbitol, tergitol-1x (T-1x) and didecyldimethyl ammonium bromide (DDAB). The synthesized cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CFNPs) were functionalized with guar gum (GG), xanthan gum (XG), gum arabic (GA), polymethacrylic acid (PMAA) and were subsequently characterised by Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and contact angle studies. Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) was used for magnetic measurements of the native and polymers-coated CFNPs. The microstructural morphology of the uncoated and polymers-coated CFNPs was established using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies. The antibacterial activity of native and coated CFNPs was also tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by using disc diffusion method. Furthermore, the interaction of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with calf-thymus DNA was investigated and characterized by FT-IR. The biocompatibility of naked and coated CFNPs was also examined against normal (CHO) and cancerous (Huh-7) cell lines by performing MTT assay. Finally, the doxorubicin release profile from the drug-loaded functionalised CFNPs in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field was evaluated using UV-visible spectroscopy. The results show that the DDAB is more effective capping agent to control the particle size and dispersion of CFNPs in aqueous medium. Antibacterial activity test and MTT assay exhibited that coated-CFNPs are significantly more biocompatible as compared to native CFNPs. Polymer coating decreased the contact angle of the native CFNPs from 92° to 40°, which indicated that it modified the CFNPs surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. VSM analysis demonstrated that polymers coated cobalt ferrite NPs (CoFe2O4.NPs@polymers) also retained the magnetic characteristics of the bare cobalt ferrite NPs (Ms ∼77.2 emu/g), endorsing their application as promising magnetic nanovectors (MNV). The synthesised drug loaded-polymer coated cobalt ferrite NPs, (CoFe2O4.NPs@polymers-Doxo) exhibited significantly higher controlled discharge of doxorubicin at acidic pH (5.0) than at neutral pH (7.4). In vitro cytotoxic studies confirmed the cytocompatibility mode of coated CFNPs against Chinese Hamster Ovary and Huh-7 cell line, while 0.2 mg.mL1- dose of drug loaded magnetic nanocarriers inhibited the cell viability of Huh-7 up to 60%. These results strongly encourage the utilization of biocompatible magnetic nanocarriers (CoFe2O4.NPs@polymers) in targeted drug delivery territory for doxorubicin.
مری آہ و فُغاں سُن کر خفا دربار ہیں مُجھ پر مَیں باغی ہوں مگر پہلے بغاوت کا سبب جانو اِدھر بے زار ہوں مَیں حاشیہ بردار ٹولے سے اگر حکمِ اطاعت ہے تو پھر یہ یاد رکھ لینا سُبُک سر لوگ بستی کے مرا اب خوں بہاٸیں گے اسیری میں حُرِیَّت کی فضا میں خود بناٶں گا مَیں بیعت کر تو سکتا ہوں مگر پھر جھوٹ پر مبنی مرے لفظوں میں رنج و غم سمٹ آتا ہے اُمَّت کا نہ سمجھو کھیل لفظوں کا یہ دل کو چیر نکلے ہیں
یہ لکھتے اُن کی جانب سے کٸی اخبار ہیں مُجھ پر وگرنہ ہتھکنڈے اوچھے سبھی بے کار ہیں مجھ پر اُدھر ظِلِّ اِلٰہی بھی بڑے قہار ہیں مُجھ پر حُسینی ہوں کٸی واجب ابھی انکار ہیں مجھ پر کہ کھینچے شش جِہَت سے تیر اور تلوار ہیں مجھ پر فلک تک پھر اُٹھاٸے جو دَر و دیوار ہیں مُجھ پر قصیدے شاہ کے لکھنا بڑے دُشوار ہیں مجھ پر کہ ماضی حال و مستقبل سبھی بیدار ہیں مجھ پر وَرُودِ جسم و جاں عاجز جو بھی اشعار ہیں مجھ پر
هدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على دور مشاريع العمل عن بعد في تحقيق التنمية المستدامة وقد درست أدوراها في مجال المعرفة والثقافة والتدريب والدعم وتوظيف الاستفادة ومواكبة التطور وبالنسبة للتنمية المستدامة تم دراسة أبعادها الأربعة التقنية والبيئية والاجتماعية الاقتصادية وقد اتبعت المنهج الوصفي التحليلي لمعالجة وتحليل البيانات لعينة من العاملين في مجال العمل عن بعد وقد بلغ عددها 155 عامل في مجال العمل عن بعد وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى مجموعة من النتائج أهمها: شعور العامل بمسؤولية العمل اتجاه المشغل والشركة الوسيطة، تقديم التدريب والدعم للموظفين وقدرتها على تحسين الظروف الاقتصادية والمعيشية وقد جاءت التنمية التقنية في أهم أبعاد التنمية تحقيقاً أي بنسبة 81.00% وثم التنمية الاقتصادية بنسبة 79.40% وبينت الدراسة وجود علاقة إيجابية بين دور مشاريع العمل عن بعد والتنمية المستدامة وأوصت الدراسة بضرورة نشر الوعي والتثقيف بالعمل عن بعد ودورها في إحداث عملية التنمية المستدامة و توفير الدعم المادي لتحقيق أهداف الاستراتيجية الحكومية الهادفة لتبني فكرة العمل عن بعد ووضع القوانين والتشريعات واللوائح لخدمة وحماية الحماية العامل الفلسطيني أمام المشغل الأجنبي.
Thesis Title: Cultural Implications on TESL at Graduation Level in Islamabad Cummins (2000) is of the view that reduced performance, poor achievement and imperfect acquisition of a language may be results of socio-cultural variables, group differences and negative feelings. Keeping this in mind the researcher tried to find out the current situation of teaching and learning cultural background of the text in English language classrooms at graduation level in Pakistan. It is an effort to unearth the possibilities of teaching and learning cultural background of the text inside the classrooms, for teaching English as a second language at university level in Pakistan. Research questions are, how important is it for a language learner to learn cultural background of the text for learning English as a second language? Can proficiency level of second language learners are increased by teaching them cultural background of the text inside the classroom? Can motivation be enhanced in the language learners by introducing cultural background of the text inside the classrooms, especially for teaching English as a second language? The population of this study comprised of all the undergraduate students learning English as a second language and all the teachers of English, teaching English as a second language to the undergraduate students in Islamabad. Sample for the current study comprised of 400 students and 100 teachers at graduation level. Research instruments developed and utilized are Questionnaire for the Teachers, Questionnaire for the Students and Short achievement test for the students. Data helped a lot in establishing a sound and far-reaching conclusion. There had not been any dependable and logical national language policy. The study methods utilized by English language teachers are not up to date and do not care to address the need of introducing cultural background of the text inside English language classrooms. In terms of teaching material no such material is available which can focus on the cultural background of the text inside English language classrooms. A great number of English language learners in Pakistan have not been able to achieve the competency level which they were required to achieve and a vital reason is the absence of role of culture in English language learning. Maximum number of students, who were introduced with cultural background of the text, not only responded better than their class mates but at the same time scored higher in the achievement test as well.