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Home > Synthesis and Characterization of Silicon Carbide Layers Grown on Silicon Substrates by Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique

Synthesis and Characterization of Silicon Carbide Layers Grown on Silicon Substrates by Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique

Thesis Info

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Author

Iqbal, Faisal

Program

PhD

Institute

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

City

Bahawalpur

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2013

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Physics

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2553/1/2594S.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727464853

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Wide bandgap semiconductor materials have gained considerable attention for fabrication of electronic devices that can operate at high power, high frequency and high temperature for various applications where conventional semiconductor cannot work satisfactorily. These materials have potential applications in optoelectronics, such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), in the blue and ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths regions. It is widely recognized that the performance, yield, reliability and degradation behavior of devices are adversely affected due to presence of defects. In this study synthesis and characterization of most common polytypes 3C, 4H and 6H-SiC are performed. 3C-SiC layers grown on low cost p-type silicon (100 and/or 111) substrates maintained at constant temperature (1050 - 1350 0C) in a low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) reactor. Typical Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum revealed a dominant peak at 800 cm -1 due to Si-C bond excitation. Large area x-ray diffraction spectra showed single crystalline cubic structure of 3C-SiC (111) and 3C-SiC (200) at 2θ angles of 28.280 and 34.080 on Si (111) and Si (100) substrates, respectively. Cross-sectional viewed revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) display up to 104 μm thick SiC layer. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of the grown layers demonstrated a stoichiometric growth of SiC. Surface roughness and morphology of the films were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was observed that resistivity of the as-grown layers increased with increasing substrate temperature due to decrease of isolated intrinsic defects such as silicon and/or carbon vacancies having activation energy 0.59 ± 0.02 eV. The p-type 6H- SiC were grown by fast sublimation method. The epilayer is co-doped with boron– nitrogen with free carrier concentration 3 × 1017 cm-3 (NA–ND). The detail investigations of electrical properties of deep level defects in the grown sample were carried out by deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). A hole H1 majority carriers and electron E1 minority carriers trap were observed in the device having activation energies Ev + 0.24 eV and Ec - 0.41 eV, respectively. The capture cross-section (trap concentration) of H1 and E1 deep levels were found to be 5 × 10-19 cm2 and 2 × 1 015 cm-3 (1.6 × 10-16 cm2 and 3 × 1015 cm-3) respectively. Considering the background involvement of aluminum in growth reactor and comparison of the obtained data with the available literature, the H1 defect was identified as aluminum acceptor and a sound justification was given to correlate the E1 defect to a nitrogen donor. The n-type 6H-SiC layers were also grown by sublimation method. To study the deep level defects in n-type 6H-SiC, as-grown, nitrogen doped and nitrogen- boron co-doped samples represented as ELS-1, ELS-11 and ELS-131 having free carrier concentration (ND–NA) 2.0 × 1012, 2× 1016 and 9× 1015 cm-3, respectively, DLTS was performed. The DLTS measurement of ELS-1 and ELS-11 samples revealed three electron trap A, B and C having activation energies EC – 0.39, Ec – 0.67 and Ec – 0.91 eV, respectively. The isochronal annealing study of the samples demonstrated that the observed electron traps were stable up to 750 oC. While DLTS spectra of sample ELS-131 showed only single ‘A’ level. This observation indicated that levels B and C in ELS-131 were compensated by boron and/or nitrogen–boron complex. A comparison with the published data revealed that A, B and C were related to E1/E2, Z1/Z2 and R levels, respectively in n-type 6H-SiC. The 4H-SiC layers were grown on p-type Si (100) substrate by simple evaporation method. The chamber was evacuated using mechanical and diffusion pump with base pressure of 5 × 10-7 torr. A mixture of Si and C60 powder of high purity (99.99%) with weight ratio of 1:1 was used as source material and was evaporated by Mo boat. A high current of 210A was used to increase the temperature of boat in the vicinity of 1100 0C. The temperature of substrate was fixed at 300 0C. The distance between substrate and boat was kept 10 cm and total evaporation time was 3 hours. To study the crystalline quality of as-grown material, x-ray diffraction, FTIR and photoluminescence (PL) were performed. The x- ray spectrum consist of six peaks at 2Θ angles 25.50, 28.5, 30.70, 32.70, 36.10 and 59.00 and four of them were related to 4H-SiC. Typical Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum revealed a dominant peak at 790 cm-1 due to Si-C bond excitation. The PL spectrum of grown samples showed strong band to band emission at 3.22 eV seemed an evident of 4H-SiC.
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خیر العمل

خیر العمل
سنہری کرنوں میں!
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بہار کے قافلے کی ساربانی کرتے ہوئے!
اک مسافر زیتون و صنوبر کے گیت گائے جا رہا تھا
حر فِ سحر میں آب بقاکی لذتوںکو۔۔۔!
خوشبو کی شدتوں میں۔۔۔شبنم کے زائچوں کو سمو کر!
اک مسافر پیپل اور کھجور کی سبز شاخیں لیے!
سبز موسم کے عابدوں،صندلی معبدوں کا طواف کیے جار رہا تھا

قدیم سنبلہ کے پہلو میں!
ناہید، زہرہ۔۔۔درگا دل فریبی سے اتر رہی تھی
گاتھا، اوستا کی مٹی میں
صحرا کی ریت ملاتے ہوئے!
وینس آب حیات میں گوندہ رہی تھی
بہار کی خوب صورت راہوں پر خمار میں ڈوبی ناقہ!
محملوں کی روایتوں کا مفہوم بدلتے ہوئے چل رہی تھی
کوئی عصر یونان کی بستیوں میں!
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اک مسافر پاتال کی گرھیں کھولتے ہوئے!
خیرالعمل کی آیتیں سنائے جا رہا تھا
سبز موسم کے عابدوں ، صندلی معبدوں کا طواف کیے جا رہا تھا

جہاں لبنیٰ کی گود میں!
میں سر رکھے تڑپ رہا تھا۔۔۔ایڑیاں رگڑ رہا تھا
وہیں ماریہ، زلفہ اور صودابہ کے چشم روغن سے۔۔۔!
اک زعفرانی خیمے کے روبرو چراغ روشن ہو رہا تھا
جہاں کشش قاف کی تعبیر۔۔۔!
ایلاف وفا کے مجدد۔۔۔!
صحرا میں بہار کی اسیری کا قصہ لکھتے ہوئے چھوڑ گئے تھے
وہیں اِک ایوان دل میں!
مسافر حسن کے تعاقب میں!
لذت لمس کو لوح کنعان سے منکشف کیے جا رہا تھا
سبز موسم کی خانقاہوں، صندلی معبدوں کا طواف کیے جا رہا تھا۔۔۔

ستاروں کے زائچے میں !
ارباب جنوں کی تاثیر گردش کر رہی تھی
تاریک کمرے میں رتجگوں کی داستاں!
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پھول میں خوشبو۔۔۔آنکھ میں آنسو کا...

متوازن شخصیت: تعلیم و تربیت کا نبوی اصول

A child born with a soul of being, but has lack of personality. Actually personality comes with the effect of good education, guidance, squatter and environment in which a child lives. But literally due to the teachings of Hinduism or Buddhism or Christianity a human existence proves oneself with a personality. Even western civilization has an ideal concept of personality, but human personality has its very strong roots in Islamic teachings as Holy Qur’ān gives us a first-hand description about an “Ideal Personality”. According to the “Sunnah” of Prophet Muhammad (r) man has some qualities of “moderation” which can be the dominant in excess of his existence. So, man should establish equilibrium regards his personality. But there is need to create stability in education, society and politics on the basis of “moderation”. Islam lays a great emphasis on character building. Balanced personality is based on all the best qualities of head and heart. Our Holly Prophet’s (r) personality is an excellent example of balanced personality. In Islamic perspective just to accept the characteristics and Sunnah of Muhammad (r) can be equal to the modern word of personality. But have we absorbed the ultimate concept of personality? Which personality can we call an ideal personality? These two questions are very significant to wonder about on the concept of ideal personality. Every religion and civilization has its own true meaning of ideal personality, but besides all this according to Quran the ideal personality is concealed in a word “Sunnah”. The article highlights on basic characteristics of ideal personality in the light of teachings of Holly Prophet (r). Balanced and Moderate personality is the basic principle of Prophets Teachings

Induction of Resistance by Chemicals and Plant Extracts in Chickpea Against Ascochyta Rabiei

A series of experiments were conducted to determine the ability of different chemicals and plant extracts to induce resistance in chickpea plant against A. rabiei disease in the Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Firstly two hundred and seventy seven advanced lines/cultivars of chickpea obtained from various International and Indigenous Organizations were screened during the Rabi season 2005-06 for the source of resistance against chickpea blight disease by artificial inoculation of the germplasm with pycniosspore suspension of the pathogen. The screening revealed 02, 38, 39, 49 and 149 lines/cultivars to be highly resistant (immune), resistant, moderately resistant, susceptible and highly susceptible while in the next experiments 49 susceptible lines/cultivars were sown for the purpose of induction of resistance in high yielding lines/cultivars by comparing their yield potential under disease free and artificially inoculated The results revealed that the three chickpea cultivars C-44 with (575 kg h -1 ), Bittle-98 (543.75 kg h -1 ) and Pb-91 (533.50 kg h -1 ) gave highest yield under disease free as well as under artificially inoculated conditions with yield (144.6 kg h -1 ), (132.8 kg h -1 ) (111.2 kg h -1 ) of C-44, Bittle-98, and Pb-91 respectively. Upon induction of resistance by chemicals i.e. salicylic acid, Bion ® , KOH and plant extracts i.e. Azadirachta indica, Datura metel and Allium sativum revealed that significant disease reduction (79%) was provided by Bion ® in the cultivar C-44 at 1.2mM dose rate as compared to salicylic acid, however, the least was showed by KOH. Among the plant extracts the maximum disease reduction (43.5%) against the disease was observed by the application of Azadirachta indica leaf extract while Datura metel and Allium sativum did not prove effective in reducing the disease at the same time this resistance was remained persistent for 14 days. The analysis of mineral contents of induced un-inoculated and induced inoculated chickpea plants after seven and fourteen days revealed there were increased after the induction of resistance but this increase was more significant (P ≤ 0.05) upon inoculation with the pathogen after 14 th day time interval by the application of chemical but it was not significant in case of plant extract expect neem. Only Na content was decreased in Bion applied plant in the cultivar C-44 and Pb-98 further more Cu content was also decreased in salicylic acid, Bion and neem leaf extract treated plants in the cultivar C-44. The amino acids contents were also determined of both the induced un-inoculated and induced inoculated chickpea plants showed that the quantity of methionine, isolucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine content increased after induction and inoculation in three cultivars of chickpea and comparatively higher than induced un-inoculated plants. Increase in lysine content was more in C-44 upon inoculation in case of Bion and salicylic acid treatment but it decreased in Bittle-98. Arginine and aspartic acid contents also increased in all the cultivars expect in Bittle-98, however, aspartic acid content increased in case of garlic application. Variable response was also shown by threonine content by the application of chemicals and inoculation with pathogen in all the cultivars. Serine contents decreased in KOH, neem and datura extracts application in Bittle-98. Glutamic acid show variable response while proline decreased in C-44 and Bittle-98 after application of garlic extract. Glycine content decreased in Bittle-98 otherwise it increased in all the other cultivars. Garlic application showed decrease in alanine content in Pb-91 and Bittle-98.