جرم و سزائے ارتداد پر قرآن حکیم سے متعلقہ شبہات کا تحقیقی جائزہ جرم و سزائے ارتداد پر قرآن حکیم سے متعلقہ شبہات

According to Islamic Criminal Law, Apostasy is a crime, severely punishable in this world and hereafter. Some people are of the view that worldly punishment is not mentioned in Quran. Rather the rule has been given that a man is free to choose or give up any religion; no one would be compelled in this regard. This is essential to contemplate this critical matter; What is the accurate interpretation of the verses of the Quran in this regard? How the worldly punishment of Apostasy is derived from Quran? What is the meaning of "There is no coercion in Islam"? Either Islam prohibits every form of coercion or it has also been used in some commands of Islam?  In this article, a critical analysis of these doubtful questions regarding the punishment of Apostasy is presented in the context of the Holy Quran.

Varietal Resistance of Okra Germplasm Against Helicoverpa Armigera and its Management

The research was conducted to evaluate the resistance/susceptibility of okra varieties against Helicoverpa armigera under field conditions during 2015-16. In preliminary screening, thirteen different varieties were evaluated at University Research Farm Koont, during 2015. The Arka Anamika variety showed comparatively resistant response against H. armigera with minimum fruit infestation (3.26%). In shoot infestation, the variety Bhindi Sabazpari showed minimum shoot infestation (6.39%) followed by Bhindi Punjab Selection and Arka Anamika expressed 6.73% and 7.88% infestation showed comparatively resistant response. According to HPSI, minimum infestation of shoot and fruit was found on Arka Anamika variety with 5.69% and 6.01% which revealed that this variety showed comparatively resistant response against H. armigera. On leaf midrib, the minimum hair density (34.91cm), leaf lamina (20.17 cm²) and hair density on leaf veins (10.67cm) were observed on the Arka Anamika and maximum stem girth (7.15cm), fruit length (6.47cm), leaf moisture with (79.07 %), ten fruit weight (87.87gm) and fruit yield per plant (88.40gm) were also observed on Arka Anamika variety. The maximum hair density on fruit (315.08cm²) was observed on Bhindi Punjab Selection while the maximum thickness of leaf (0.32μm) was observed on the variety OH-152. Regarding biochemical plant characters, the minimum nitrogen contents with 1.4% and crude protein with 17.23% were observed in Arka Anamika variety while minimum cellulose was observed in the variety Baharti Kaspori (11.48 %). Correlation between fruit infestation and physico-morphic characters viz. hair density on midrib (0.69%), thickness of leaf lamina (0.77%), hair density on leaf vein (0.89%) and hair density on leaf lamina (0.96%) were significant and positively correlated with fruit infestation while plant height (-0.72), stem girth (-0.85), hair density on fruit (-0.89) and fruit length (-0.76) were negative and significant correlated with fruit infestation. Fruit infestation and shoot infestation were correlated with abiotic factors. Positive and highly significant relationships were detected between shoot infestation and average temperature (oC) while relative humidity and precipitation (mm) showed negative but significant correlation. In third experiment different management practices viz. release Trichogramma chilonis, hoeing and weeding, clipping and lufenuron were tested individually and with all possible combinations for the controlling of American bollworm at 3 diverse areas viz. University Research Farm Koont, NARC and Farmer Field Taxila using comparatively resistant variety (Arka Anamika) during 2016. All the treatment combinations regarding damage of shoot and fruit showed significant results. The minimum fruit infestation i.e. 3.20% and 3.58% was recorded with combined treatment (i.e. T. chilonis + hoeing + weeding + lufenuron) in two different localities. The minimum shoot infestation i.e. 7.18%, 7.08% and 6.85% were observed in the combined treatments at all three different localities. This combined treatment also resulted in maximum yield at NARC and Taxila i.e. 57.67 and 62.66 q/ha respectively. This treatment gave the best results to manage H. armigera. On the basis of physico-morphic, biochemical characters, abiotic factors and different integrated pest management techniques, Arka Anamika variety proved to be comparatively resistant against H. armigera in different localities. So this variety is recommended for the cultivation in Pothwar region to get maximum yield.