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Synthesis and Characterization of Thin Film Materials for Photovoltaic Applications

Thesis Info

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Author

Tariq, Ghulam Hasnain

Program

PhD

Institute

COMSATS University Islamabad

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad.

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2014

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Physics

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2222/1/2771S.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727466653

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The aim and objective of this work is to develop low cost, and naturally abundant semiconductor thin film materials for photovoltaic applications. In this work, different materials for window, absorbent and interfacial layers are studied. This study was done for synthesis and characterization of these thin film materials. All these materials were deposited by using thermal evaporation method. Characterization of sample material was carried out using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer and Photoconductivity. Furthermore conductivity type determination was performed by using hot probe technique. CdS thin films were deposited at chamber ambient temperature and annealing was done in vacuum at 400 ̊C for 1 hour. Further these films were doped with Al using ion exchange method. In XRD patterns no peaks of Al and Al2S3 were found, which revealed that the incorporation of Al+3 ions does not alter the crystalline structure of these doped CdS thin films. The bandgap of CdS initially decreased for Al doping and then increased with the increase in Al concentration and finally reached a saturation value of 2.42 eV for 18 at.% of Al. All Al-doped CdS thin films showed n- type conductivity. CdTe thin films for applications as absorber layer in thin film solar cells (TFSCs) were studied. These thin films were deposited by thermal evaporation and were effectively doped with Cu by using ion exchange technique. At higher annealing temperature variation was found in size of crystallites. The obtained bandgap energy values changed from 1.53eV to 1.42eV for samples annealed at 100-400°C. The type of conductivity was concluded to be p-type for all CdTe films doped with Cu. Further in this work, to discover nontoxic absorber layer material, libraries of (SnS)x-(Bi2S3)1-x graded thin films were successfully deposited by using combinatorial synthesis approach (CSA) via thermal evaporation. Effect of annealing in vacuum and elemental composition was studied. XRD studies confirmed that these thin films are grown in different binary and ternary phases and were well crystalline; also these have better surface homogeneity, crystalline and more compact morphology. Photo conductivity response showed a shift towards smaller wavelengths (blue shift) as the temperature of annealing was increased to 400°C. It was also improved progressively for atomic ratio of Sn/Bi (0.22 to 2.11). Bandgap energy increased from 1.23 eV to 1.48 eV for variation in Sn/Bi value from 0.21 to 6.67. Films having compositions Sn/Bi > 2 and annealed at 400 ̊C showed p-type conductivity and could be used as an active photon absorber layer. In the next phase, we have studied the influence of annealing temperature on Sn-Bi-S graded thin films annealed in Argon environment. The structural and morphological properties were investigated, which showed that the thin films with different well crystallized binary phases and good surface homogeneity are grown. The estimated value of bandgap was in the range 1.27-1.43eV for Sn/Bi of 2.18-0.67. Moreover, samples annealed over temperature of 400°C -500°C showed better photoconductivity response. Photoconductivity response was better for samples containing Sn rich compositions and these showed p-type conductivity over the temperature range of 350-400 ̊C. As a part of search for nontoxic photovoltaic materials, thin films of Cu-Sn-S were successfully prepared on glass slides. Further annealing of all these samples was done in vacuum at 350̊C for two and half hours. Bandgap increased (1.07 – 1.47 eV) with increase in Cu content (7-18 at.%). Photo response also improved gradually with increasing Cu at.% in these thin films. All samples showed p-type conductivity. For development of low resistance interfacial layer, ZnTe thin films were deposited on glass slides via thermal evaporation and were effectively doped with Cu using ion exchange method. Optical bandgap decreased with annealing at 300°C, which verifies the settlement of doped Cu in ZnTe thin films. The resistivity of as doped sample was 148 Ω-cm and after annealing at 400°C for one hour it was reduced to 30 Ω-cm. The conductivity type of these Cu doped ZnTe thin films was observed to be p-type. These conclusions can help out in manufacturing of CdTe TFSCs. Our obtained results for Al doped CdS thin films with improved bandgap energy of 2.42eV are useful for utilization of these materials as window layer in different types of TFSCs such as CdTe, CZTS, SnS, etc. The results for Cu doped CdTe thin films are useful for use as absorber layer in TFSCs. Further findings of dependency of physical properties on elemental composition and annealing of (SnS)x- (Bi2S3)1-x graded thin films are useful for applications of these nontoxic materials as layer in TFSCs. Furthermore, physical properties of Cu:SnS thin films were also explored for the use of these materials as layer. Interfacial layer being an important part of TFSCs, Cu doped ZnTe thin films with low resistivity are valuable for an interfacial material at back contact.
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اٹھائے کچھ ورق

          آ ج تک ادبی تناظر میں سیالکوٹ کے حوالے سے جب بھی بات ہوئی، جب بھی قلم اٹھایا گیا، جب بھی کوئی صدا بلند ہوئی شعری ادب ہی طبع آ زمائی کا موضوع ٹھہرا۔ یہ پہلی دفعہ ہے کہ '' تاریخ ادبیات سیالکوٹ'' کے ذریعے ڈاکٹر نصیر احمد اسد کے زشحات قلم نے شاعری،نثر، تنقید اور اقبال شناسی چار پہلوؤں پر نقد و نظر کی ہے۔ یہ کتاب بطور خاص ڈاکٹر صاحب کے پی ایچ ڈی مقالہ '' سیالکوٹ میں نقدو ادب کی روایت'' کے اس سفر کا تسلسل اور سنگ میل ہے جس کا آ غاز ان کے ایم فل کے مقالہ سے ہوا تھا۔ ڈاکٹر صاحب اس مقالے کے ذریعے قبل مسیح سے آ ج تک کے تعلیمی مرکز اقبال کے سیالکوٹ کے بارے میں شجر طہر انی کی طویل تاریخی نظم ''سالباہن کی نگری '' کو منظر عام پر لانے کا شکریہ، برناباس کی انجیل کے گم شدہ انگریزی ترجمہ کے اردو مترجم استاد مکرم آ سی ضیائی رام پوری کو بھی یاد کرنے کا شکریہ۔ آ سی ضیائی کے حوالے سے آ پ نے کیا خوب لکھا ہے۔'' آ سی ضیائی رام پوری بھی اپنی شاعری اور نثر میں حمدیہ اور نعتیہ لہجہ رکھتے ہیں۔ آ پ کی نعتیہ نظموں میں منفرد اسلوب اظہار،ندرت بیان اور فکری و جذباتی اپیل پائی جاتی ہے۔ ایک عاشق رسول ہونے کے ناطے آ پ کی تب و تاب اور سوز و ساز عمل کا ایک پیغام ہے''

          ڈاکٹر صاحب نے صدیوں کی تہیں کھول کر اہل سیالکوٹ کی خدمات کے خزانے بر آ مد کئے ہیں۔ اس کتاب کے توسط سے ہم کشمیر پر بھارت کے غاصبانہ قبضہ کے خلاف مزاحمتی ادب تخلیق کرنے والے سیالکوٹ کے ادیبوں کو بھی سلام پیش کرتے ہیں۔

          سیالکوٹ میں

Women-oriented CSOs in a Fragile State: A Gendered Review of State-Civil Society Imbroglio in Pakistan's History

State-Civil Society relations in Pakistan have seldom been far from problematic and when it comes to Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) working for women empowerment and gender equality the relations with the state become highly adverse. According to several researches gender insensitivity is often an important characteristic of fragile states. In this context, this paper seeks to explore the role of CSOs working for women empowerment in the history of Pakistan and their relationship with the state of Pakistan. It also tends to assess whether an improvement in this relationship can possibly help to diminish the fragility of the Pakistani state. The paper is based on qualitative research with an analytical approach and has been completed with the help of interviews with relevant persons and overview of related material in print and on line.

A Randomised Controlled Trial Comparing the Effect of Adjuvant Intrathecal 2Mg Midazolam to 20-Micrograms Fentanyl on Post-Operative Pain for Patients Undergoing Lower Limb Orthopaedic Surgery under Spinal Anaesthesia

Background: Intrathecal adjuvants are added to local anaesthetics to improve the quality of neuraxial blockade and prolong the duration of analgesia during spinal anaesthesia. As an intrathecal adjuvant, fentanyl improves the onset and quality of spinal blockade as compared to plain bupivacaine and confers a short duration of postoperative analgesia. However, its use is associated with several adverse effects that range from pruritus to life threatening respiratory depression. Intrathecal midazolam as an adjuvant has been used and shown to improve the quality of spinal anaesthesia and prolong the duration of postoperative analgesia. No studies have been done comparing intrathecal fentanyl with bupivacaine and intrathecal 2mg midazolam with bupivacaine. Objective: To compare the effect of intrathecal 2mg midazolam to intrathecal 20 micrograms fentanyl when added to 2.6 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine, on post-operative pain, in patients undergoing lower limb orthopaedic surgery under spinal anaesthesia. Study design: Single blinded Randomized Controlled Trial Methods: A total of 40 patients undergoing lower limb orthopaedic surgery under spinal anaesthesia were randomized to two groups Group 1; 2.6mls 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine with 0.4mls (20micrograms) fentanyl Group 2; 2.6mls of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine with 0.4mls (2mg) midazolam Results: The duration of effective analgesia was longer in the midazolam group 384.05min as compared to the fentanyl group 342.6min. There was no significant difference (‘P’ 0.4047). The time to onset was significantly longer in midazolam group 17.1min as compared to the fentanyl group 13.2min (‘P 0.023’). The visual analogue score at rescue was significantly lower in the midazolam group 5.55 as compared to the fentanyl group 6.35 (‘P - 0.043’). Conclusion: On the basis of the results of this study, there was no significant difference in the duration of effective analgesia between adjuvant intrathecal 2mg midazolam as compared to intrathecal 20micrograms fentanyl for patients undergoing lower limb orthopaedic surgery.