تہذیب عربی زبان کا لفظ ہے۔عربی میں یہ لفظ تراشنا،کانٹ ،چھانٹ کرنا،اصلاح کرنا،سنوارنا ،بچے کی اخلاقی تربیت کرنا اور اسے شائستہ بنانا کے معنوں میں استعمال ہوتا ہے ۔اُردو زبان میں لفظ تہذیب کے معانی اصلاح ،صفائی ،آراستگی ،ذہنی ترقی،شائستگی ،ادب و تمیز،طرزِ معاشرت ،رہنے سہنے کا انداز و تمدن ہے ،کلچر وہ مرکب کل ہے جس میں عقیدہ ،علم ،آرٹ،اخلاق،قانون ،رسم و رواج اور دیگر قابلتیں اور عادات شامل ہیں ۔جن کا انسا ن نے معاشرے کے ایک فرد کی حیثیت سے اکتساب کیا ہو۔مختصر یہ کہ تہذیب سے مراد ایک کثیر آبادی والے منظم معاشرے کی وہ تمام ذہنی و مادی سرگرمیاں ہیں جو نسلِ انسانی کی بقا ،معاشرے کی تنظیم ،قدرتی وسائل کا استعمال ،انسان کی روحانی و اخلاقی تربیت اور جمالیاتی حس کے لیے کی جائیں۔
سیالکوٹ کی تہذیب قدامت کے لحاظ سے پانچ ہزار سال سے بھی پہلے کے آثار ظاہر کرتی ہے۔راجہ شل نے اس تہذیب کو پروان چڑھانے میں اہم کردار ادا کیا۔’’مہابھارت‘‘ میں راجہ شل کی نگری ’’شاکل ‘‘ کا ذکر ملتا ہے۔(۳۶)
ہندوؤں کی مشہور کتاب ’’مہا پور نیا‘‘ ہندی میں ہے۔اس کا قدیم نسخہ سرائے بھا بھڑیاں کے لالہ اوم پرکاش نے تاریخ سیالکوٹ کے مصنف رشید نیاز کو ۱۹۴۲ء میں دیا تھا۔(۳۷)
اس کا ایک اقتباس پیش کیا جاتا ہے:
گیانی حام کے چھہ لڑکے تھے ۔ایک کانام ہنددوسرے کا نام سندھ،تیسرے کانام حبش ، چوتھے کانام افریج ،پانچویں کا نام ہرمز اور چھٹے کانام بویہ تھا۔سب سے بڑے لڑکے ہند نے بھارت کی بنیاد رکھی ۔ہند کے مشہور شہروں میں ایک مشہور شہر سیالکوٹ تھا۔یہ شہر جمبو(جموں) کے ڈھلوان میں آ پکا ندی کے کنارے آبا دہے۔راجہ بکر ماجیت سے ایک ہزار سال پہلے اس شہر پر راجہ کلدیوبھانی کی...
Indeed, nobody can deny the role and importance of women in any peaceful society. Their contribution is not only essential to enhance the living standard but also they are life blood of prosperity and beauty of this universe. In each & every field of life their need is felt but regrettably, it is not realized by all that how much women have experienced discrimination and deprivation of their rights and freedom. Many of restrictions and limitations faced by them are due to culture and tradition. Although women play an important role in the development and success of men, but do not get any reward for their allegiance, loyalty and devotion. Islam acknowledged equality of women with men in a great way. In Islam women get a praiseworthy and admirable position which no religion ever gave them. Islam defined their duties and ordered to treat them equally but in spite of all that the woman of today’s Muslim world in general and Pakhtun society in particular is not entertaining their rights and status. This study specifically focusses on highlighting one of the Pakhtun customs and its aspects that badly violate the religious teachings regarding the Women marriage Status and there will also be some recommendations in order to eradicate these unlawful trends from society as to empower the women in real sense.
The aim of Social Studies education is to develop democratic citizens. The current teaching and learning practices in Social Studies classrooms in Pakistani schools are not meeting the aims of Social Studies education due to the transmission mode of teaching. Consequently, it has failed to develop the necessary knowledge, skills and disposition which are prerequisitse for democratic citizenship. The reasons for this state of Social Studies education are: firstly, teachers lack of knowledge about effective approaches of teaching and learning this subject; a and secondly, in the case of teachers' knowledge, use does not fully materialize in the classroom, as in spite of their exposure to the theory, they have little support in converting it into effective practice. This action research project was conducted with two Social Studies teachers teaching the said subject in a private English medium secondary school. The major purpose of this study was to enhance my own understanding and practices of the process of facilitating teachers to use the enquiry strategy in their classrooms, with the aim to develop teachers' knowledge, skills and attitudes, so that the objective of teaching and learning Social Studies could be realized. In the process of facilitating teachers to use the enquiry strategy at their workplace, I employed coaching with the view that it can be an effective strategy, particularly in facilitating experienced teachers' learning. I first introduced the teachers to the theory and process of enquiry strategy by conducting a session on enquiry with them. In the light of the reflections on the session, I further engaged the teachers in joint planning to prepare them to use the enquiry approach. However, I realized that one teacher was dominating the sessions; and furthermore, their needs and realities were distinct. Therefore, from then onwards, I facilitated the teachers individually by engaging each one separately in preparing lessons and supporting them in actualizing the plans. Moreover, I demonstrated to them certain stages and activities, whenever I found the teachers perplexed and confused. Teaching was followed by engaging the teachers in post-lesson discussions, during which I encouraged them to reflect on the process, issues, and critical incidents of the instruction and provided them constructive feedback for further improvement. The study found that the teachers' learning could be enhanced at their workplace by engaging them in planning, asking critical questions, challenging their assumptions and beliefs, supporting them in the real classrooms through demonstration/ modeling, where