Metal nanoparticles, especially gold and silver, are currently among the most attractive nanomaterials due to their applications in various disciplines. The use of nanoparticles as building blocks offers an attractive bottom-up approach to produce new nanostructured materials with unique properties and applications. In this study, we have developed new and reproducible protocols to prepare gold and silver nanoparticles using various biological and chemical approaches. In particular, casein proteins were used for the synthesis of highly stable and biocompatible silver nanoparticles and spherical agglomerates. The silver particles produced by casein were tested for their pH-induced reversible agglomeration behaviour, cytotoxicity and cellular interaction by NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells. In addition, silver nanoparticles with enhanced antimicrobial activity were produced using a broad range disinfectant polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) as a capping ligand. Moreover, peptide nano/ microfibers were also used for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles/ nanostructures. In order to control the assembly of nanoparticles, we have used various templates; such as egg shell membrane and cellulose fibers (unmodified and chemically modified) to produce metal nanoparticle - organic template composite materials. Heat treatment of these composite materials led to the formation of metal microwires or membranes with interesting morphologies which may have useful applications in electronics and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. The second part of this study deals with multilayered multifunctional polyelectrolyte capsules, which were formed by layer by layer assembly of polyelectrolytes around a sacrificial template. On removing the sacrificial template, hollow capsules containing free cargo of interest inside the cavities were obtained. It was possible to incorporate nanoparticles/ quantum dots inside the shell material to act as label during their microscopic studies. Most of all SNARF (seminaphthorhodafluor) based sensor capsules were used for real time monitoring of intracellular/ intralysosomal analyte (H+) concentration in the presence of different lysomotropic substances (Bafilomycin A1, Chloroquine, Monensin and Amiloride). The kinetics of these drugs was studied in a long term manner in living cells (MCF-7 breast cancer cells). Bafilomycin A1 caused an irreversible increase in intralysosomal pH. Chloroquine caused an increase in intralysosomal pH; however after its removal it gradually attained its baseline pH. Monensin also increased intralysosomal pH which remained high throughout its presence, but upon its removal intralysosomal pH attained baseline value very quickly. Amiloride did not show any effect on intralysosomal pH which remained constant throughout its presence in the cellular media.
موضوع 7:زبان کی مختلف سطحیں(صوتیات، لفظیات، نحویات) صوتیات: صوتیات لسانیات کی ایک شاخ ہے ،اس میں آوازوں کی ادائیگی کا مطالعہ کیا جاتا ہے؛ آوازیں کیسے پیدا ہوتی ہیں، آوازوں کی درجہ بندی کیسے کی جاتی ہے۔لسانیات کے اس شعبے میں انسانی اعضائے تکلم سے پیدا ہونے والی آوازوں کا مطالعہ کیا جاتا ہے۔صوتیات تکلمی آوازوں یا اصوات کے سائنسی مطالعے کا نام ہے۔ اس میں اصوات کے اجزائ، ماہیت، نوعیت اور کیفیات سے بحث کی جاتی ہے۔ڈیوڈ کرسٹل کے بقول: "اعضائے صوت کا مطالعہ جن کی مدد سے ہم تکلم یا کلام کی بنیادی آوازوں کو ادا کرتے ہیں۔آوازکی لہروں کا مطالعہ یعنی ہوا کا وہ عمل جس کے ذریعے سیایک شخص کے بولے ہوئے الفاظ دوسروں تک پہنچتے ہیں نیز وہ طریقہ جس سے انسان آوازوں کا ادراک کرتا ہے۔یہ تینوں چیزیں لسانیات کی اس اہم شاخ کے تین باہم مربوط پہلو ہیں جنہیں صوتیات کا نام دیا جاتا ہے۔" • اعضائے صوت کا مطالعہ • آواز کی لہروں کا مطالعہ • آوازوں کا ادراک • صوتیات کا آغاز قدیم ہند کی روایت : پہلی روایت یہ ہے کہ اس کا تعلق ویدک اورسنسکرت سے ہے۔ قدیم ہند میں سینہ بہ سینہ منتقل ہوتے رہنے والے الفاظ،حمدیہ مصرعے ،اشلوک جس زبان میں تھے وہ زبان مروجہ نہیں رہی۔ مقدس منتروں کی ادائیگی کی اغلاط سے بچنے کے لئے انہوں نے گرائمر اور صوتیات کو فروغ دیا۔اگر ہم گرائمر کی بات کریں تو صوتیات کی پہلی گرامر سولہویں صدی میں بنائی گئی اس کا نام اشت ادھائے رکھا بعض لوگ اسے ویدک اور بعض سنسکرت زبان کی گرائمر کہتے ہیں۔ قدیم لاطینی اور یونانی روایت: یہ روایت برائے نام ہے اس میں افلاطون نے باصدا اور بے صدا آوازوں میں تفریق توضرور کی ہیمگر زبان کا صوتیاتی تجزیہ نہیں کیاہے۔ مشرق وسطی کی عربی صوتیات کی...
The research paper deals with role of plants in human health and healthy environment in the context of Qur'anic verses and science. The concept of growing plants for health rather than for food or fiber is slowly changing plant biotechnology and medicine. Rediscovery of the connection between plants and health is responsible for launching a new generation of botanical therapeutics that include plant-derived pharmaceuticals, multi component botanical drugs, dietary supplements, functional foods and plant-produced recombinant proteins. Many of these products will soon complement conventional pharmaceuticals in the treatment, prevention and diagnosis of diseases, while at the same time adding value to agriculture. Holy Quran describes the importance of rain as pure water to irrigate dead soil and emergence of life (plant’s growth) from the dead soil. Plants provide foods for human beings and are necessary for healthy environment. Man is an omnivore who gets his food from both plant and animal sources. However, for immediate energy, humans rely more on plant starches and soluble sugars, including glucose and edible sugar. Generally, our normal diet consists of rice or wheat bread which is a very important source of starch. Sugar and fats are the two most important components of food managed by plants. Apart from this, the man manages vegetables and salads from plants which are the guarantors of his health/survival in modern times. There are many reasons for diversity in plants. The obvious reason is the chemistry of that particular piece of land, what kind of minerals/salts and other nutrients that land has and what types of plants can grow there in their presence. In this research written with a descriptive and analytical approach, it is proved that according to Quran and science plants have a great role in human health and healthy environment.
The engagement in education of children from most low socio-economic communities in developing countries is low. This low engagement results from low enrolment rate and frequent dropouts for some of those who manage to be enrolled. The low enrolment rate and frequent dropout trend lead to poor academic development in these communities and subsequent increase in illiteracy. Literature mentions unavailability of schools or enough classes and high level of poverty in these communities, which limits parents' ability to pay direct costs of education, and leads to rise in opportunity costs among children attending school as prominent reasons of this setback. The literature also identifies lack of community initiative and participation in education as another hindrance to the development of education in these communities. The study aims to explore the stakeholders' perspective on community mobilization on the benefits of primary education and its impact on students' academic performance. In doing so, it employs a qualitative method using a case study design. The data is collected from interviews, observations and document analysis. At different stages of the study, measures have been taken to ensure its validity and reliability and limit researcher's subjectivity within the limits of qualitative social research paradigm. The findings reveal that the process of community mobilization is effective in motivating community members from low socio-economic communities to participate in activities that support the development of their children's education. The findings also highlight the importance of the central agency in the mobilization process, which serves to initiate the mobilization process and empowers the community in terms of management skills and resources for the establishment of community schools. The study also highlights the roles of different stakeholders in the mobilization process, strategies that these stakeholders employ in the community and within the classroom and the factors facilitating this education mobilization process. Further, the findings reveal that community members through their institutionalized bodies, can collaborate effectively with school management in administering management activities in a community school. Finally, the findings indicate that if education is made available to children from low socio-economic