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Synthesis of Biocompatible Self-Assembling Amphiphiles for Vesicular Drug Delivery Applications.

Thesis Info

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Author

Shafiullah

Program

PhD

Institute

University of Malakand

City

Malakand

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Pharmacy

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/10102/1/Shafi%20Ullah_Pharmacy_2018_Malakand.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727479215

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Oral route is preferred for drug administration due to convenience in dose administration, lack of pain, effectiveness and increased patient compliance. Drug’s decreased aqueous solubility, gastric instability, enzymatic degradation, decreased biological membrane permeability, P-gp based drug efflux, first pass metabolism, mucus membrane barrier and early clearance from the body are various factors leading to poor oral bioavailability and less therapeutic efficacy of orally administered drugs. Conventional drug dosage forms have not been effective in addressing these issues. Recently, nanotechnology has got much scientific interests in various fields. The biomedical applications of nano-carriers have been the subject of recent interests due to their evident role in addressing the above mentioned drug related issues. Amphiphilic molecules are capable of self-assembling into vesicles upon their contact with aqueous media. They are able to dissolve both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs either in their interior aqueous compartment or exterior lipid bilayer respectively. Self-assembling amphiphilic molecules like phospholipids, nonionic surfactants, block copolymers and peptides are widely used for designing vesicular nanocarrier drug delivery systems. They are physically stable, economic, efficient and release the loaded drug in a sustain manner, thus leading to enhance oral bioavailability with better clinical outcomes. The current study was designed for the synthesis of four different biocompatible amphiphiles for nano-vesicular drug delivery applications. They were synthesized in neucleophilic substitution reactions by reacting hydrophilic moieties (Creatinine and Pyridoxine) with lipophilic acyl chlorides and aliphatic alkyl bromide respectively. The Vitamin E based amphiphile was synthesized in multi step reaction to introduce polar hydrophilic moiety in lipophilic alpha tocopherol (Vitamin E). These synthetic amphiphiles were characterized through 1H NMR and xii Mass spectrometric analytical techniques. All the amphiphiles were subjected to biocompatibility studies and their nano-vesicular drug delivery applications were investigated using model poorly aqueous soluble drugs i.e. Clarithromycin, Azithromycin and Amphotericin B. All the amphiphiles were less cytotoxic, hemo-compatible and non-toxic to animals. They were capable of forming nano-vesicles of almost spherical shape with homogenous size distribution. The drug loaded vesicles exhibited increased surface negativity and loaded increased amounts of the selected model drugs. They released the loaded drugs in a controlled pattern at various pHs when tested for in-vitro release. Amphiphiles based drug loaded vesicles demonstrated higher storage stability and retained maximum drugs upon incubation with simulated gastric fluid. Invivo bioavailability of the selected drugs was increased in a controlled manner in rabbits upon their oral administration in the form of amphiphiles based nano-vesicles. Results of the current study authenticates biocompatibility of these synthesized amphiphiles and their effectiveness for oral drug delivery of poor aqueous soluble drugs. The results are interesting and provide a scientific base for their use in vesicular drug delivery systems. The results will open new research areas for formulation scientists to investigate their membrane permeability mechanisms with ultimate increased therapeutic efficacy of loaded drugs.
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ہتھیں دتیاں ہوئیاں گنڈھاں، بہہ کے کھولیں دنداں نال
ہک پل کول کھلوتیاں میرے، جے کر جگ نے ویکھ لیا
پھیر یقین کسے نہیں کرنا، قسماں تے سوگنداں نال
قدم قدم تے ہے پئی چمدی، منزل پیر مسافر دے
چار دیہاڑے بہہ کے جس نے کڈھے دانش منداں نال
تن من دھن قربان کرایا، دین بچایا نانے دا
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Islam has been a subject of great importance for Muslim and Non-Muslim Scholars. Countless numbers of researchers have written on the Quran, Hadith, Fiqh and Islamic History. Among these scholars Dr. Mahmood Ahmad Ghazi (1950-2010) is renowned for his contribution to Islamic social sciences. He was equally well versed in the classical, as well as, modern scholarly trends in the study of Islam. He worked in various academic, administrative and judicial positions during his life including as professor, Director Da’wah Academy, Director Shariah Academy, Vice President Academics and then President of International Islamic University, Islamabad and was finally elevated in 2010 as a judge at Federal Shariah Court of Pakistan where he served till the end of his life. He was a prolific writer and authored nearly thirty works of high academic value in different Islamic social sciences including Economics, law and Islamic education in Arabic, English and Urdu languages. He attended a large number of conferences across the globe to present his research papers.

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Workforce diversity is an emerging phenomenon in almost all kinds of organizations and is globally recognized as a force for increased productivity, creative solutions to complex problems, and human development but at the same time it brings some new challenges to the conventional ways of managing organizations. Researchers and practitioners, therefore, try to develop models for managing diversity. This research aims to find gap in the existing body of knowledge and add to it by studying workforce diversity and its impact on organizational trust and commitment with the moderating role of organizational justice. To test different relevant hypotheses, data was collected from a sample of 239 individuals working in various government organizations in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) through a standardized survey. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression technique were used to make sense of the data. The findings reveal that workforce diversity has a statistically significant impact on different organizational outcomes (such as trust and employee commitment) in the presence of organizational justice. The study suggests some recommendations for managing diversity and provides directions for future research.