Kitabiyyah Mother and Ḥaḍanah of the Muslim Child: Religious and Legal Practices in Pakistan

The article attempts to analyze the religious and legal practices inside Pakistan regarding the issue of the kitabiyyah mother and ḥaḍanah of any Muslim child. The discussion primarily addresses the major issues emphasizing kitabiyyah mother and her relatives’ right to retain the custody of the Muslim child, and duration of ḥaḍanah under the supervision of kitabiyyah mother in shari‘ah and Pakistani Family Laws. Furthermore, it argues that kitabiyyah mother is permitted to raise the Muslim child according to her faith under both Islamic and Pakistani Family Laws. The article is delimited to the opinions of four Sunni schools of thoughts, Statute law, and Case laws. Nonetheless, in-depth comparative analysis has been carried out in most persuasive way to examine the rules related to kitabiyyah mother in custody of Muslim child after divorce under both Islamic Law, and Case Laws in Pakistan. Additionally, the existing similarities and differences consequent to religious differences have also been appropriately figured out to point out plausible way forward to address prevailing schism. Contradictions between the legal practices and Islamic law need keen attention Islamic and legal scholars to carefully craft to harmonize both in the best interest of child.

Association Study Between Vitamin D Receptor Gene Apai Polymorphism and Osteoporosis in Population of Lahore

Osteoporosis is known as a chronic and systemic bone disorders. Osteoporosis xiv destroys the bone microarchitecture tissues thus bone becomes so weak that leads the high risk of fractures. Mostly women are affected than men. Osteoporosis and its related fractures has become serious problem in Pakistani elder population and according to survey the prevalence of osteoporosis in our country is 9.9 million and 7.2 million out of them are osteoporotic women. Genes of Vitamin D receptor (VDR) consider as candidate gene for bone mass regulation in osteoporosis. The current study examined the VDR gene polymorphism (ApaI) on PCR-RFLP based on hundred samples among the population of Lahore, city of Pakistan to determine prevalence of osteoporosis and compare the frequency of osteoporosis between genotype and allelic sub-groups. The analysis showed that the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) followed HardyWeinberg equilibrium (HWE) that p > 0.05. No significant association was found among case and controls for allelic and genotypic frequency. The case and controls both have almost same frequency of AA, AC and CC genotype. Almost same allelic (A and C) frequency of ApaI also demonstrated no significant association among case and controls. Therefore it was observed that ApaI polymorphic site on VDR gene has no significance relation for osteoporosis in studied patients (p> 0.05). The current study recommended that ApaI VDR genotype could not be candidate gene leading to osteoporosis. The current study is also tried to uncover its associated risk factors that Phosphorus has significance association (p =.006) with normal?and patient (by an independent-sample t-test) hence it has also significant association (p =.026) with age groups (by ANOVA). It means that phosphorus has key function for bones development and bone strength