The present work deals with the synthesis of pyridine fused heterocyclic compounds, three condensed pyridine systems were selected for this project; Benzo[b]pyridine (Quinoline) (a), Pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine (b) and Pyrano[2,3-b]pyridine (c).Various strategies were utilized for introducing an ester functionality on the 4 position of (a) and (b) by utilizing Doebner-vonMiller reaction or additionally the use of Pfitzinger’s synthesis of quinolines. For (c) the ester group was introduced at the 3 position by applying a Knoevenagal condensation of ethyl acetoacetate and 2-hydoxypyridine-3- carbaldehyde. These ester groups in (a), (b) and (c) were converted to their respective carbohydrazides which were condensed with a number of arylcarbaldehydes to furnish their hydrazones. The final cyclization to the 1,3,4-oxadiazoles were effected by using various methods. POCl3 was very useful for this purpose. The products of the systems (a). (b) and (c) were thus synthesized and fully characterized by IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and MS and elemental (C,H andN) analyses.The results obtained confirmed the formation of the desired products. The final products were screened for their antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities. viii Some azabicyclic compounds (I, II, III) were also prepared through ring closure metathesis by using Grubbs catalyst (Second Generation). These compounds were prepared through a multisetp strategy involving alkylation, RCM, decarboxylation, hydrolysis, Curtius reaction and finally cyclization to get the desired bicyclic compounds.These were characterized through 1HNMR, DEPT and HRMS.
پچھلی رُت کی بات نہ کر تُو کچھ بھی نہیں ہے پہلے جیسا تُو بھی نہیں ہے پہلے جیسا میں بھی نہیں ہوں پہلے جیسا
ہر کونپل اک سوچ میں گم ہے سوکھے پتّے دیکھ رہے ہیں جب تُو مجھ کو چھوڑگیا تھا پتّے سارے سوکھ گئے تھے کیا غم تھا سب ٹوٹ گئے تھے
آنکھوں کا دریا جاری تھا کس خواہش کا خون ہوا تھا بلبل گانا بھول گئی تھی
پچھلی رُت کی بات نہ کر تُو کچھ بھی نہیں ہے پہلے جیسا پچھلی رُت میں ساتھ تھے دونوں اب میں تنہا ، تُو بھی تنہا پچھلی رُت کی بات نہ کر تُو کچھ بھی نہیں ہے پہلے جیسا
The Islamic laws prevent us from the evil deeds. As well as, according to Shariah, it is permissible and sometimes even compulsory to save the believers from the actions that may lead them towards the banned activities. Therefore, the ruling of prohibition from these types of activities is called Sadd-e-Zaree’a. This is the principle extracted from the Quran and Sunnah. As Almighty Allah forbade the believers to say ‘Ra’ina’ because this word was used by Jews knowingly in a wrong manner with evil intentions, whereas, Muslims presented their requests by this same word in the highest court of The Holy Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) for seeking easiness and relaxation in their concerned matters. As in Quran: O People who Believe, do not say (to the Prophet Mohammed- peace and blessings be upon him), " Ra’ina (Be considerate towards us)" but say, " Unzurna (Look mercifully upon us)", and listen attentively in the first place. [Baqarah 2: 104]. (To disrespect the Holy Prophet – peace and blessings be upon him – is blasphemy.) Another example by Hadith, in this regard, it is also evidenced by the good character of The Holy Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) that sometimes He stopped himself intentionally from the permissible activities lest the common masses may involve in undesired activities on the basis of The Holy Prophet’s act. Concisely, keen consideration is required on rational basis when explaining the Shariah rulings of any matter. Otherwise, the beauty andbenefits of the Shariah may be lost. Consequently, to prevent from the future turmoil is actually the spirit of Sadd-e-Zaree’ah. As this is the actually basic need and prerequisite of Shariah. It saves and prevents its believers form expected turmoil. Therefore, if the risk of turmoil would trigger with committing the permissible activity it must be abandoned due to the risk of turmoil.
Much of the fresh literatures on effective schools have been emotionally connected to the leadership role of the school principals and teachers’ job satisfaction to the achievement of organizational outcomes. Transformational leadership theory has pitched these relations in a new perspective where supporters have claimed that transformational leaders are more able to satisfy their followers to achieve their organizational objectives compared to other styles of leadership. This study was aimed to determine the impact of transformational leadership styles of principals on job satisfaction of secondary schools teachers. The major objectives of the study were: (1) to investigate the level of transformational leadership styles of principals; (2) to identify the level of job satisfaction among secondary schools teachers and (3) to examine the relationship between transformational leadership styles of principals and job satisfaction of secondary schools teachers. To achieve the objectives, the hypotheses were tested. This study was delimited to secondary schools teachers of government male high and higher secondary schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan and all government teachers enrolled in different programs at Northern University, Nowshera. It was descriptive co relational study and survey method was used for data collection. The population for the study was all secondary schools teachers of 1166 government male high and higher secondary schools and all government teachers enrolled in various programs of Northern University in KPK. Using a convenient sampling technique, a sample of 1050 teachers from 140 schools, 20 each of seven selected districts on the basis of cultural background, was taken as sample-I. Another sample of 100 government teachers enrolled in different programs from Northern University was taken as sample-II. Two instruments i.e. MLQ and JSS were used for the collection of data in this study. Data were collected through personal visits. Data were analyzed by applying mean, standard deviation, ttest and Pearson’s correlation. The findings of the study were that principals of male high and higher secondary schools showed higher level of transformational leadership styles. The level of job satisfaction of secondary school teachers was found at a moderate level. Both the samples showed a positive and significant relationship between transformational leadership styles of principals and job satisfaction of secondary school teachers. The findings revealed no major differences in the results of collected data from two different environments and locations.