The present project was designed to synthesize six heterofunctional reactive dyes with the objective to achieve alternative commercial products having better exhaustion, fixation on the cotton fabric with improved fastness properties on the through exhaust and pad dyeing methods. Physico-chemical method was used for the purification of thenovel azo reactive dyes and characterization of the six novel dyes was carried out for the structure elucidation through the analytical techniques including FTIR and mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The effect of different dyeing process parameters (temperature, time and pH) on the dyeing quality was optimized for the pad thermosol dyeing through classical approach. Three important process parameters (salt, temperature and alkali concentration ) main and interactive effects were investigated through the Central Composite design on the exhaustion and fixation of novel dyes and results were analyzed by ANOVA and p-values. The exhaustion percentage at optimized conditions was 72 for D-1, 69 for D-2, 84 for D-3, 81 for D-4, 84 for D-5 and 87 for D-6. Similarly the fixation results were 67, 62, 79, 77, 79, and 82 for synthesized azo reactive dyes D-1 to D-6 respectively. From the results it was clear that D-6 showed highest exhaustion and fixation percentage while minimum results were obtained for dye D-2. Laboratory scale screen printing machine was used for the printing of six synthesized reactive dyes in paste form using 3% w/w. Color strength of the printed samples was determined and it was less than 60 percent after washing of samples. The colorimetric data of the synthesized dyes was determined with the help of spectraflash spectrophotometer by subjecting the dyed fabric to CIELAB and LCH system. Fastness properties (washing, rubbing, perspiration, light and chlorinated water) of the dyed fabrics were evaluated through ISO standard test methods. Fastness testing demonstrated significant results ranges from 3 to 5 on the grey scale. The results were compared with the commercial reactive dye Reactive red 195 and these are in close agreement. Ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) for the dyed fabric at 2% dye shade was also evaluated which was excellent to very good. Advanced oxidation processes were used for the degradation studies of the synthesized dyes and analytical studies of the degraded samples were carried out using UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopic techniques which confirms the degradation of the dyes. Results obtained showed the commercial viability of the synthesized reactive dyes.
محمد فاروق نعمانی افسوس ہے کہ ۲۶ و ۲۷؍ اپریل کی درمیانی شب میں جناب محمد فاروق نعمانی نے الٰہ آباد میں داعی اجل کو لبیک کہا، وہ مولانا شبلی کے برادر زادہ اور مولوی محمد اسحق صاحب وکیل ہائی کورٹ کے صاحبزادے تھے، جو اعظم گڑھ میں مولانا کے علمی و تعلیمی اور خاندانی جائداد اور زمینداری کے کاموں میں ان کے خاص دست و بازو تھے، ان کے انتقال پر مولانا نے ایسا پُر درد مرثیہ لکھا جو اردو کی عزائیہ شاعری میں بے مثال ہے، فاروق صاحب اس وقت کم سن تھے، اس کی طرف مولانا نے اس شعر میں اشارہ کیا ہے۔ لاڈلے ہیں کہ کسی اور کے بس کے بھی نہیں اس کے بچے ابھی سات آٹھ برس کے بھی نہیں فاروق صاحب شبلی کالج کے پرجوش اور سرگرم ممبر تھے، دارالمصنفین سے بھی ان کو گہرا اور جذباتی تعلق تھا، یہاں کی دعوتوں اور مجلسوں میں شریک رہتے، صوم و صلوٰۃ کے پابند تھے، لاگ لپیٹ ان کو نہیں آتا تھا۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ مغفرت فرمائے اور پس ماندگان کو صبر جمیل عطا کرے، آمین۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی۔ مئی ۱۹۹۷ء)
Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh motivasi kerja dan efektivitas kerja terhadap produktivitas kerja dengan kualitas kerja sebagai variabel intervening. Jenis penelitian ini adalah jenis penelitian kuantitatif. Populasi penelitian ini seluruh pegawai dinas UPTD Puskesmas Bawomataluo kecamatan Fanayama Kabupaten Nias Selatan yang berjumlah 117 orang. Teknik pemilihan sampel menggunakan teknik sampel non probability. Jenis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data primer dan data sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan alat bantu pengumpulan data yaitu teknik kuesioner, teknik pengumpulan data yang diperlukan dengan cara mengajukan pertanyaan yang langsung diberikan kepada responden yang dalam hal ini adalah sampel penelitian. Analisis data menggunakan pendekatan Patrial Least Square (PLS). Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan setiap variabel motivasi kerja dan maupun variabel efektivitas kerja meningkat dengan hasil yang baik, maka secara langsung maupun tidak langsung produktivitas pegawai di dinas UPTD Puskesmas Bawomataluo akan mengahasilkan output yang meningkat dan hasil yang lebih berkualitas lagi.
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) locally called as til is an important conventional oilseed crop of Pakistan. Pakistan ranks 14th among major sesame producing countries in the world. Pakistan is facing a chronic shortage in edible oil and the situation is getting serious with alarmingly explosion of population. Its indegenious production is below the utilization level and there exists wide gap between production and utilization. Sesame crop is subjected to various abiotic and biotic stresses in all stages of growth. Two prominent bacterial pathogens associated with sesame are bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. sesami (Xcs) and bacterial leaf spot caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. sesami (Psse). These pathogens are responsible for sesame production constraints during monsoon season. Despite the shortage of edible oil, no profound efforts have been made on this important oilseed crop with reference to diseases. To handle the shortage of edible oil, there was an urgent need to explore the basic information on host pathogen interaction. The present work consisted of five experiments. The first study was the standardization of mass culturing of stored Xcs and Psse isolates to enhance their virulence and confirmation of their ability to induce hypersensitive reaction. All isolates were revived on non host plant and confirmation was made on the basis of pigmentation they produced in their respective media and hypersensitive test was performed in tomato and potato plants. The second study was conducted to analyse the virulence of virulent isolates in vitro by comparing symptoms induction and bacterial multiplication in different genotypes. Plants were inoculated by pin prick method and were monitored daily for symptoms development and measurements of lesions were taken until fully symptoms induction. Bacterial populations were determined by counting bacterial colonies. Psse isolates showed necrotic lesions (chl+) surrounded by halos as well as only black necrotic lesions (chl-). Size of the lesions and bacterial population between chl+ and chl- was the same and at maximum at 7 DAI in susceptible genotypes, while tolerant showed delayed in reaction. Similar mode of lesions expansion and rate of bacterial growth between chl+ and chl- isolates of Psse indicated that the virulence factor involved in symptomatology function as pathogenicity factor and only contributed to induction of chlorotic producing symptoms for Psse. Water soaking to blight symptoms along with maximum bacterial growth in all the susceptible and moderately susceptible genotypes by Xcs was recorded at 12 DAI. The third study was conducted to confirm process of infection of these bacterial pathogens in susceptible and tolerant genotypes by light microscopy. Inoculation was done by Injection method (IM) and Bacterial suspension dip method (BSDM). Xcs colonized tracheary elements of xylem vessels through intercellular spaces of the spongy parenchyma at 7 DAI and bacterial masses were identified as dark blue infected structures using toluidine blue O stain. Blight symptoms by Xcs were reported to be due to the blockage of nutrients and water flow. Psse showed thining and disruption of mesophyll tissues on the appearance of chlorotic symptoms 3-4 DAI. There were only empty spaces of tissues were observed 7 DAI. Overall the infection was same but delayed in tolerant genotypes. Disruption of mesophyll tissues might be due to the action of chlorosis producing toxin (coronatine) that degraded chloroplast membrane of host tissues. The forth study was conducted to detect the virulence factors of Xcs and Psse using suitables bioassays such as antibacterial test, induction of potato hypertrophic outgrowth and seedlings assay. Xcs and Psse (chl-) isolates showed zone of inhibition. The zone of inhibition produced by chl- isolates showed that chl- was not the defective mutant of chl+ isolates as reported in third study, but this test confirmed that these isolates produced another class of toxin that showed antibacterial activity. Induction of hypertrophic outgrowth in potato tuber and seedlings inhibition from culture filtrate of chl+ isolates of Psse confirmed that the toxin produced by these isolates was similar to phytotoxin coronatine (a polyketide molecule) and it might mimics the action of one of the phytohormones. The fifth study was conducted to extract the virulence factors as well as their purification and identification was also performed. Identification was made on the basis of reference data. Crude extracts of acetone preparation of Xcs and Psse (chl-) isolates were concentrated on silica TLC plates. Further purification was carried out by HPLC and TLC. The toxic aciticity eluted from the HPLC column after 10 min corresponding with single active peak showed antibacterial activity. Reverse phase HPLC of chl- isolates extracted partially purified produced an elution pattern like reported in mangotoxin from Pss strain UMAF0158. Acetone praperation of cell free culture filtrates of virulent Xcs also showed active peaks having phytotoxic activity obtained from the HPLC column after 10 min.