Conducting polymers represent an important class of functional organic materials for next-generation electronic and optical devices. Advances in nanotechnology allow for the fabrication of various conducting polymer nanomaterials composites synthesis with the different methods. Conducting polymer nanomaterials composites featuring high surface area, small dimensions, and exhibit unique physical and chemical properties therefore they have been widely used for various purposes such as, they can be used as photocatalyst The present research work is divided in to two parts. First part of thesis deals with the synthesis of three different series of Polyaniline (PANI) composites in which two are Zr-Co-substituted nickel ferrite with formula (NiFe1.2 Zr0.4 Co0.4 O4) and (NiFe Zr0.5 Co0.5 O4), one with MnAl-substituted multiferroics with formula (BiAl0.3Mn0.3Fe0.4O3). The synthesis of composites of Polyaniline (PANI) is carried out with the variation of nanoparticles amount (12.5, 25, 37.5, and 50% w/w). These composites are characterized by different techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV/Visible, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The structure of PANI/nanomatrials composites was confirmed by XRD analysis while surface morphology was investigated by SEM analysis. The FTIR spectroscopy is used to identify their functional groups present in PANI/NPs composites and the shifting of the peaks has been found towards higher wave number side which exhibits the interaction between the polymer and the nanoparticles in synthesized photocatalyst. In UV/ Vis study blue shift has been found which give the information about the interaction between ferric ions of nanomaterial with nitrogen atom of PANI, shortening in the conjugation length, and coordinating complex formation. The XPS analysis has been carried out to determine oxidation states of the elements present in the synthesized composites materials. In the second part these synthesized PANI/NPs are used as photocatatlyst against toxic dyes such as Methylene Blue (MB) and Methyl Orange (MO). These synthetic dyes are most widely used in textile and leather tanning industries. These dyes are highly colored, toxic, and carcinogenic in nature. These effluents released from the textile and leather tanning industries containing 1mg/L of dye are enough to impart color to the water thus making it unpotable for daily use. The technology used to treat dyes is based on physical, chemical, and biological methods. Precipitation, coagulation, filtration, floatation, electrochemical degradation, and advanced oxidation techniques are considered as chemical methods. Adsorption, reverse osmosis, and ultrafiltration are treated as physical methods. Photochemical irradiation of toxic dyes in presence of a photocatalyst is one of the alternative methods developed recently. Theses composites are then used for the photoelectric degradation of methylene blue and methylene orange from aqueous media under UV light. Effect of reaction time, NPs concentration and the kinetics is studied. It has been found that the degradation of methylene blue and methylene orange increase with the increase in nanoparticles concentration in the composite material. This degradation rate has been found to be low for methylene blue which is cationic dye as compare to the methylene orange. The photoelectric degradation for both dyes is also examined under the similar conditions of UV light by pure PANI and nanoparticles. The degradation rate has been found very low because recombination of electron-holes occurs in pure PANI and pure nanomaterial very comfortably as compare to composites in which it is strictly prohibited. The NPs amount present in the composite shows remarkable influence on the degradation efficiency. Through several groups of univariate experiments, the optimum PANI/ NPs composite dosage of the photolysis process is found to be 0.2g at 40ml of 10-5M solution of both dyes. The photolysis process is relatively fast at the initial stage up to 30 minutes and later it become slow, moreover the degradation of both dyes is in accordance with the first-order kinetic equation.
پروفیسر منظور حسین شورؔ (ڈاکٹر غلام مصطفےٰ خان) شور صاحب (اﷲ بخشے) میرے دیرینہ کرم فرما تھے۔ ان کا بچپن کا نام منظور علی تھا جیسا کہ میں نے ان کے مکان پر ایک کتاب میں لکھا ہوا دیکھا تھا۔ بعد میں ان کا نام منظور حسین ہوا۔ دوھیال ایچپور کی تھی اور ننھیال اکولہ کی تھی۔ یہ دونوں شہر برار میں ہیں، وہ امراؤتی (برار) کی شہر پناہ کے ناگپوری دروازے کے قریب ایک آبادی میں جو سادات کی تھی دسمبر ۱۹۱۰ء میں پیدا ہوئے۔ والدضامن علی صاحب جو بعد میں کراچی آکر ۱۹۶۸ء میں فوت ہوئے، تھانیدار تھے۔ بہت سیدھے سادے تھے، امراؤتی میں بارہا ان سے شرفِ ملاقات حاصل ہوا تھا، شور صاحب کی ابتدائی تعلیم امراؤتی ہی کے محمڈن اسکول میں ہوئی، اس زمانے میں میٹرک کی گیارہویں جماعت ہوا کرتی تھی، یہ اسکول جس کا نام اب تبدیل کردیا گیا ہے مال ٹیکری کے قریب ہے۔ اور اب اس ٹیکری پر شیوا جی کا مجسمہ نصب کردیا گیا ہے۔ شور صاحب نے ۱۹۲۸ء میں وہاں سے میٹرک پاس کیا۔ پھر علی گڑھ تشریف لے گئے۔ وہاں میرس ہوسٹل میں ان کا قیام تھا۔ ناگپور کے مونس حسین ان کے خاص دوست تھے، علی گڑھ کے انٹرمیڈیٹ کالج میں اس وقت نویں دسویں گیارہویں اور بارہویں جماعتیں تھیں، میرس ہوسٹل، ارون سرکل یانیوسرکل کے چار ہوسٹلوں میں سے ایک تھا۔ اس کے علاوہ منٹو سرکل میں ان طلبہ کے لیے چار ہوسٹل تھے اور وہاں دو ہوسٹلوں (اے۔بی) میں تعلیم بھی ہوا کرتی تھی۔ ڈے اسکالر اور سیمی بورڈ ان کے علاوہ تھے۔ مولانا احسن مارہروی مرحوم کی وجہ سے طلبہ میں شعر و شاعری کا ذوق زیادہ پیدا ہوگیا تھا۔ وہ طرحی مشاعرے بھی منعقد کراتے تھے اور کل ہند مشاعرے بھی انہی کے دم سے قائم ہوئے تھے۔ شور صاحب کی...
Penelitian ini membahas peran dan tantangan perempuan dalam konteks politik berdasarkan perspektif hukum Islam. Abstrak ini menyajikan analisis mendalam mengenai bagaimana ajaran Islam mengakui partisipasi politik perempuan serta kendala-kendala yang mereka hadapi dalam masyarakat yang kadang-kadang konservatif dan patriarkal. Melalui tinjauan terhadap ayat-ayat Al-Quran, hadis, dan interpretasi ulama, penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa Islam memberikan dasar kuat bagi partisipasi politik perempuan. Namun, kendala dalam bentuk tradisi kultural, interpretasi yang konservatif, dan norma sosial patriarkal menghambat partisipasi mereka.Penelitian ini juga menyajikan strategi untuk mengatasi tantangan ini, termasuk pendekatan pendidikan yang inklusif, pelibatan komunitas, dan pemberdayaan ekonomi perempuan. Dengan mengeksplorasi perspektif hukum Islam, penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi pada pemahaman yang lebih mendalam tentang bagaimana ajaran agama dapat membuka jalan bagi partisipasi politik perempuan. Kesimpulannya, melalui peningkatan kesadaran masyarakat, edukasi, dan perubahan sosial, perempuan dapat memainkan peran yang lebih signifikan dalam politik dengan mendukung prinsip-prinsip kesetaraan dan keadilan dalam kerangka hukum Islam. Penelitian ini merangsang pertimbangan lebih lanjut mengenai bagaimana masyarakat dan lembaga-lembaga dapat memfasilitasi partisipasi politik perempuan dalam mendukung demokrasi dan kesetaraan gender.
Pakistan’s environment is favorable for pest population growth. Among all crops, vegetables are more vulnerable to the attack of a number of pests. Most of the vegetable crops are sprayed on daily basis and pose a serious threat to humans and environment. In the same context, the present study was designed to analyze the knowledge, skills and attitude of vegetable growers for identification and prioritization of training needs regarding pesticide use for sustainable environmental health and to suggest remedies for the betterment of prevailing situation. Population of study was potato growers in two districts (i.e. Jhang and Okara) which were selected purposely because of top potato growing districts in the Punjab. Two tehsils (Dapalpur and Chinot), one from each district was selected randomly. Sampling frame was constructed by enlisting all potato growers residing in the tehsils and a sample of 367 growers was selected. Data were collected through personal interviews with the help of validated research instrument. Main findings of the study indicate that most of the respondents had attained some level of formal education and had mean age 42.31 years. Overall knowledge of the respondents regarding most of the aspects of pesticide use was poor. On the average, the respondents’ skills regarding different aspect of pesticide use rated between poor to satisfactory level. The attitude of the respondents was towards using excessive pesticide to control pests. Thus, their attitude was more towards causing environment and health hazards. Majority of the practices of the respondents were posing risks to humans’ health and environment because they were using heavy doses and high risk pesticides to control pests, with out getting advice from the pest consultants or the personnel from the agricultural extension department. On the basis of overall possessed knowledge of the respondents, the training need assessed was at highest level in the area of ill health effects recognition. On the basis of overall possessed skill level, the training need assessed was at highest level in the area of maintenance of pesticide applicator. The respondents also gave their preferences for different aspects of training program to be arranged in future on the basis of training needs assessed in different aspects of pesticide use for sustainable environment health.