This research work consists of synthesis of various thiosemicarbazides and 1,2,4-triazole derivatives and screening of their biological activities. All compounds were fully characterized by various spectroscopic techniques, such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and EIMS/FABMS. Melting points of all compounds were also recorded. This dissertation consists of two chapters based on the extensive literature and research findings regarding the four libraries of synthetic compounds. Each chapter has its own compounds numbering, tables, figures, schemes, and references. Chapter-1 deals with general introduction of thiosemicarbazides, their previous synthetic strategies, and their biological activites. It also describes general introduction of biological activities and their bioassays. It is comprised of the synthesis of various derivatives of 4chlorophenyl substituted thiosemicarbazides 33-57 (Part A), and nicotinic/isonicotinic substituted thiosemicarbazides 60-84 (Part B) and their in vitro activities against urease, α-glucosidase, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes. Compounds 35, 42, 46, 49, 61, 67, 77, and 79 were new derivatives while rest of the compounds were previously known. Except few all synthetic compounds showed superior activity than the standard thiourea. Compound 57 was sixty six fold, compound 42 was nineteen fold, compounds 35, 38, 52 were about ten fold and compounds 69 and 81 were eighteen fold more potent than the standard thiourea. Some synthetic thiosemicarbazides showed weak activity against αglucosidase enzyme while showed no activity against acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Chapter-2 deals with general introduction to 1,2,4-triazole, their previous synthetic strategies, and their biological activites. It is also composed of the synthesis of various analogues of 4-chlorophenyl substituted 1,2,4-triazole derivatives 156-180 (Part A), and synthesis of thioether derivatives of 1,2,4-triazoles 181-192 (Part B) by four steps reaction and their in vitro activities against urease, α-glucosidase, and AChE enzymes. Compounds 158, 162, 163, 165, 167, and 169-173 were new derivatives, while rest of the compounds were previously reported by others. 1,2,4-Triazole derivatives 156-180 showed good to excellent urease inhibitory activities. Compounds 156, 163, 166, and 176 were more potent compounds, particularly, compound 176 showed 28-fold more potent activity than the standard thiourea. Compounds 156, 162, 163, 166, 175, and 179 exhibited weak αglucosidase inhibitory activity, while 1,2,4-triazole derivatives 156-180 showed no activity against AChE enzyme. Thioether derivatives 181-192 showed a weak inhibitory activity against urease enzyme, while good to weak inhibitory activity against α glucosidase enzyme, particularly, thioether derivatives 182 and 185 were found to be the more potent than the standard acarbose. All 1,2,4-triazole derivatives 156-180 showed no activity, while thioether derivatives 181-192 showed weak inhibitory activity against AChE enzyme.
After the Incident of 9/11 Pakistan decided to become the ally of America and play an important role in fighting terrorism on both domestic and global fronts. This war has destroyed the peace of Pakistan and has affected the Economy of Pakistan desperately. The decision of Pakistani government to fight the so called war on terror with America only to get the financial and political support of America was clearly against the teachings of Islam. However, Pakistan did receive financial benefits in this war. The important development in the wake of 9/11 is that Pakistan became the biggest beneficiary of US economic aid in the South Asian region. Despite the GDP growth, foreign aid, foreign investment, better record of foreign exchange reserve, worker remittances and debt rescheduling Pakistan’s economy did not show the desired results. The change in the Pakistan’s economy during this period is not sustainable in economic term. Due to the war on terror law and order situation has become worst. At present Pakistan is facing most unique, difficult and gruesome faces of terrorism. In this situation fiscal policy in Islamic perspective is prerequisite for the peace and economic development of Pakistan.
Three independent studies using male Kajli lambs at post-weaning, growing and finishing stages were designed and undertaken to examine the effect of different protein sources with or without probiotics on growth performance and carcass characteristics. In the trial I, 32 male Kajli lambs at three months age were randomly divided into eight groups of four animals each in a 4×2 factorial arrangement. Four iso-caloric (70% TDN) and iso- nitrogenous (22% CP) diets were formulated with four different protein sources i.e. corn gluten meal 30% (CGM), canola meal (CM), cotton seed meal (CSM) and sunflower meal (SFM) containing either 0 or 50g of probiotics (Protexin®)/ ton of feed. In trial II and III, lambs were again randomized and given the same treatment as in trial I. However, crude protein (CP) content of diets was reduced from 22 to 18% in trial II and 18 to14% in trial III. In trial I, higher (P<0.05) dry matter (DM) and CP intake, DM, CP, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) digestibility, blood glucose, N-balance and total weight gain were observed in lambs fed CM diet than those fed CGM, CSM and SFM diets. However, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and serum minerals remained unaltered (P>0.05) in lambs fed diets containing different protein sources. Neutral detergent fibre and ADF digestibility and blood glucose was higher (P<0.05) in lambs fed diets containing probiotics. Dry matter and CP intake and their digestibility, BUN, creatinine, serum minerals, N-balance and total weight gain remained unaltered (P>0.05). In trial II, higher (P<0.05) DM and CP intake, blood glucose, N-balance and total weight gain were noticed in lambs fed CM diet than those fed CGM, CSM and SFM diets. However, diets containing different protein source didn’t affect (P>0.05) the DM, CP, NDF and ADF digestibility, BUN, creatinine and serum minerals. Neutral detergent fibre and ADF digestibility and total weight gain was higher (P<0.05) in lambs fed diets containing probiotics. However, diets containing probiotics didn’t influence (P>0.05) DM and CP intake, DM and CP digestibility, BUN, blood glucose, creatinine, serum minerals and N-balance. In trial III, higher (P<0.05) DM and CP intake, N-balance and total weight gain were observed in lambs fed CM diet than those fed CGM, CSM and SFM diets. However, DM, CP, NDF and ADF digestibility, BUN, blood glucose, creatinine and serum minerals remained unaltered (P>0.05) in lambs fed diets containing different protein source. Acid detergent fibre digestibility and total weight gain was higher (P<0.05) in lambs fed diets containing probiotics however, DM and CP intake, DM, CP and NDF digestibility, BUN, blood glucose, creatinine, serum minerals and N- balance remained unaffected (P>0.05). Hot carcass weights of lambs differed significantly (P<0.05) in lambs fed diets containing different protein sources with or without probiotics. However, dressing percentage (DP) and skin, feet, heart, liver and lungs weight remained unaltered (P>0.05) across all the treatments. The higher DP was observed in lambs fed CM diets, whereas it was lower in lambs fed SFM diet. Leg, loin, shoulder, breast and neck weights of the half carcass of the lambs remained unaffected (P>0.05) across all the treatments. Crude protein content of carcass was different (P<0.05) in lambs fed diets containing different protein source with or without probiotics, while moisture, ether extract and ash contents remained unaltered (P>0.05) across all treatments. The ratio of lean, fat and bone in primal cuts of half carcass (neck, shoulder, breast, loin and leg) remained unchanged (P>0.05) across all the treatments, except for the proportion of lean in shoulder, bone in loin and fat in legs, which was affected (P<0.05) by the diets containing different protein sources. In short, the lambs fed CM diets performed better than those fed CGM, CSM and SFM diets in all the three trials. Diets containing probiotics improved weight gain in trial II and III but not in trial I.