The present research is motivated by the remarkable mechanical, thermal and electronic properties of titanium based nitride thin films that have many applications ranging from coatings on cutting tools to diffusion barrier microelectronic applications. This work reports the first successful attempt to grow titanium based nitride thin films, specifically TiAlN, nc- TiN/ a-Si 3 N 4 , nc- (Ti, Al) N/ a-Si 3 N 4 and Ti-Si-N using plasma focus device. The synthesize of these films using different deposition techniques have been reported earlier but the use of plasma focus technique is one of the prospective hybrid deposition method which is not only economical, simple, efficient but also provide high deposition rate and good adhesion SS in less time compared to other available thin film synthesize techniques. The results of these experiments show the successful growth of titanium based nitride thin films using plasma focus device of energy 2.3 kJ. The following four types of different experiments were performed: In the first experiment, the sputtered titanium ions and energetic nitrogen ions emitted from Mather-Type plasma focus device were used to synthesize nanocrystalline TiN/amorphous-Si 3 N 4 thin films. The crystallite size analysis showed strong dependence on the number of focus shots. The crystallinity of TiN thin films wasfound to increase with increasing the number of focus shots. SEM results showed net like structure ofthe film deposited for 15 numbers of shots, which are in the form of elongated grains of Si 3 N 4 embedded in TiN crystals. The average surface roughness calculated from AFM images indicated that the average surface roughness increased for films deposited with increased number of focus shots. In the second experiment, a plasma focus device was used to prepare thin films of nc-(Ti,Al)N/a-Si 3 N 4 at room temperature. The plasma focus device, fitted with copper anode encapsulated with Ti 0.5 Al 0.5 anode, operated with nitrogen as the filling gas was used. Films were deposited with various number of focus shots, at 90 mm from top of the anode and at zero angular position with respect to anode axis. XRD patterns showed the growth of polycrystalline (Ti, Al) N thin films with orientations in the (111), (200), (220) and (311) crystallographic planes. Behavior of lattice constant, grain size and film roughness of xvideposited film as a function of variation in number of focus shots was discussed. SEM micrographs of film deposited with 15 number of focus shots exhibited well-developed net like structure of nc-(Ti,Al)N/a-Si 3 N 4 and possibly nc-(Ti,Al)N/a-Si 3 N 4 /a-AlN or nc-TiN/a- Si 3 N 4 /a-AlN. Surface Roughness ranging 64 nm to 89 nm was also observed. In the third experiment, TiAlN coatings were synthesized by a dense plasma focus deposition system. The effect of focus shots on the crystallography, microstructure, surface morphology, roughness and hardness was investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) data showed TiAlN coatings crystallized in the cubic NaCl B1 structure with orientations in the (111), (200), (220) and (311) crystallographic planes.SEM micrographs showed dense and SS uniformly spread film with fine-grained morphology with hardly any void. Grain size and roughness were found to decrease, whereas thickness and hardness were found to increase, with increasing focus shots. In the fourth and the last experiment, a plasma focus device was used to prepare thin films of Ti-Si-N. XRD patterns showed the growth of polycrystalline TiN thin films. The results revealed that the grain size was correlated to the amount of silicon added. SEM results showed Ti–Si–N film exhibited a denser and amorphous compact structure almost without obvious defects due to addition of Si content in TiN structure. The surface roughness of synthesized thin films was much smoother compared to Plasma focus deposited thin films reported previously, the average surface roughness ranged from 0.23 nm to 9.39 nm.
Islam where considers the superiority of law, provision of justice and equity, building and purification of civilization and emphasis on the welfare of society, there ensures the first priority to humanity, peace and prosperity in the external relations. Islamic state keeps relations on the basis of equality with the world and non-Muslim citizens living within the state. On this belief and ideology Islam invites the world to set together. Islam on these principles of Islamic ideology and belief sets the foundation of collectiveness. On this principle the whole philosophy of life and living system are embraced, and the same Islamic law is the foundation of nations, on this behalf the Islamic state organized the relation with other states. In this way Islamic state on these principles keep relations with other states and within the state relations between Muslim and non-Muslim citizens on the basis of brotherhoods, equality, mercy and the principles of dignity of human being. Along with peace Islam set the principles of war which comprise ethical and prison limitations, duties and ethics amongst warrior, difference between the rights of fighters and non-fighters, treatment with pact holders and prisoners, and specified the way of better treatment with the defeated nations. He thought the manners of war to bloody man who consider everything right during the war. Islam lays great stress on equality, social justice, brotherhood and peace not only in state but across the boarders too. In this article a deep study is done to explain the relations of an Islamic state with other states. Islamic foreign policy emphasizes on the principles of equality among all the human beings and all the races and nations. Islam builds international relation on humanitarian basis.
The study “Promoting Elite Culture by Pakistani TV channels” intends to investigate how media in Pakistan has portrayed the elite culture which may be differentiated as one of the leading social class through the different living standards including the lifestyle, the unique ideas and fabricated stuff from the rest of the society. The key focus of the study is to meet the objectives to find out; whether TV programs are changing the culture of Pakistani society; whether Pakistani drama is promoting western dressing culture; whether morning show is promoting dance and expensive dress culture; and whether promoting elite culture by Pakistani TV channels. The researcher used both quantitative and qualitative methodologies for data collection. The survey method is used for the quantitative part using the questionnaire as a tool and collects data from 300 males and 300 female’s respondent’s residents of Lahore, Gujrat and Islamabad having age ranging 18 to 60. On the other hand expert interviews conducted from two social sciences academicians and media professionals in qualitative part. This study used cultivation analysis by Gerbner and social learning by Bandura as a theoretical framework. The demographic analysis shows that majority of the respondents have age 18-30 years, intermediate education, single marital status and are students have point of view that entertainment TV channels, drama and morning shows are promoting elite culture. Hypothesis analysis shows that entertainment TV channels, drama and morning show are positively imposing elite class culture on the rest of the society. Findings also show that Pakistani entertainment TV channels, ARY digital drama and GEO entertainment morning show is promoting elite culture and the hypotheses are statistically approved. The researcher used SPSS applying One-Way ANOVA test and applied post Hoc Tukey test. Academicians and media professionals conclude that television dramas and morning shows are promoting an elite culture in a society. Luxurious homes, expensive cars, parties, use of alcohol, drugs, and romance are promoted in drama. While morning shows are mostly in agreement on heavy dresses, makeup, dance competitions, wedding ceremonies including Mehndi, couple dancing and song competitions.