This study deals with the exploration of new sources of natural antioxidants as well as developing effective antioxidants. It is a collaborative project between two universities, i.e. University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan and St. Cloud State University, U.S.A.; concerning with (i) investigation of antioxidant potential of some herbs and spices in Pakistan (ii) exploring antioxidant activity of flavonoids and their metal complexes after the complexation. Among the food scientists, natural origin is focus of powerful research for exploitation of newer sources of antioxidants. In extension of the investigations, in the first phase of the study, a number of botanical materials have been selected for evaluation of their antioxidant probability. Antioxidant potential of different spices and herbs such as Ajwain, Cinnamon, Coriander, Cumin, Fennel, Fenugreek and Kalonji was investigated. The extracts of herbs and spices were prepared by electrical shaking and soxhlet extraction methods. A number of solvents ranging from polar to non- polar were used as extractant. Total phenolic content and antioxidant potentional by 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picryhydrazyl radical (DPPH·) were used as the parameters to study the effectiveness of extraction medium, i.e. solvent. Among the extracts of herbs and spices, ethanolic extract was found to be richer in phenolics and antioxidant activity. Moreover, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, reducing power, chelating activity and DPPH· scavenging activity parameters were used for investigation of their antioxidant potential. From the results it has been deduced that most of the herbal spice materials exhibited appreciable antioxidant power as; compared to previously exploited sources of natural antioxidants. The Kalonji was found to be the richest source of antioxidants among the herbs and spices analyzed. The order of spices in antioxidant potential is Kalonji> Fenugreek> Cinnamon> Ajwain> Coriander> Cumin> Fennel. The flavonoids compose one of the most ubiquitous groups of all plant phenolics and they are an important class of defense antioxidants. The organoleptic properties and human health scientific studies have revealed their importance in food for maintaining human health. Flavonoids reduce the risk of stroke and heart disease, protect against relieve hay fever, age- related vision disorders, asthma symptoms, sinusitis, alleviate inflammatory skin conditions, reduce inflammation in joints and muscles, common to rheumatoid arthritis, minimize menopausal hot flushes, shrink hemorrhoids, reduce varicose veins and battle viral infections. Transition metal ions participate in the initiation of free radical processes. The antioxidant action of flavonoids has been considered to be via two possible modes of action, metal chelation and radical scavenging. Radical scavenging arises by donation of hydrogen atom from the free hydroxyls on the flavonoids nucleus and other possible antioxidant mechanism for flavonoids is metal chelation through phenolic OH groups, preventing metal- mediated generation of free radicals and, accordingly, may shelter the potential biological target from oxidative stress. However, in the second phase of study, among the most common dietary and biologically active flavonoids, Quercetin was selected. In order to study the chelation mechanisms of flavonoids with metal ions that permit a better understanding of their complexation and antioxidant properties; it has been decided to synthesize their metal (Mn Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , Cu 2+ 2+ , and Zn2+ ) complexes. This phase of study also consist on the characterization and investigation of antioxidant activity and the microbial activity of flavonoid-metal complexes. The thermal analyses as TGA and DSC. UV–Vis, IR, 1H-NMR spectroscopic technique were also used to asses relevant interactions of flavonoids and metal ions, the chelation sites are dependence upon the complex structure on the metal/ligand ratio, the capacity of flavonoids in binding metal ions, and etc. The outcome largely depends on the experimental condition and the type of assay employed. The Job''s method (continual variation method) was used to validate the stoichiometric composition of the chelate for the synthesis of metal flavonoid complexes. The complex formation reactions of M(II) Resulted in the formation of 2:1 metal:ligand complexes quercetin respectively. 70+ % yield have been found in the method employed for their synthesis. UV–vis spectroscopy remained the main tool for structural analysis of flavonoids. Both of the complexes formation and subsequent electron transfer reactions of M(II) with these ligands were examined by using UV–vis spectrophotometry. The 1H-NMR results indicate that the quercetin coordinate with two M(II) ion by replacing two of its protons. The coordination sites and the binding property of quercetin have also been evaluated by IR spectroscopy, which shows the shift of bands due to the formation of complex. The antioxidant and antimicrobial potentional of the complexes were studied and compared with the activity of free quercetin. The quercetin-M(II) complexes are found more potent free radical scavenger than the parent quercetin ligands and play a prominent role in protecting from oxidative stress and microbial organisms. This study demonstrates antioxidant potential of herbs and spices, and shows that the antioxidant activity of a flavonoid may be enhanced through chelation with metals.
مراتب اختر کی شاعری کا پس منظر اور معاصر منظر نامہ
مراتب علی اختر کی شاعری کا پس منظر
تغیر و تبدل انسانی زندگی کا خاصہ ہے اور تخلیقِ آدم سے ہی شاید یہ سلسلہ شروع ہو گیا تھا۔اگر مختلف تہذیبوں کی تاریخ کا مطالعہ کیاجائے تو یہ ثابت ہوتا ہے کہ تہذیبوں کی تبدیلی کے ساتھ ساتھ زبان وادب بھی متاثر ہوتا رہا اور اس میں بتدریج تبدیلیاں ہوتی رہیں۔یہ ایک مسلمہ حقیقت ہے کہ ادب معاشرے کو متاثر کرتا ہے اور معاشرہ ادب پر اثر انداز ہوتا ہے۔ اُردو زبان بھی ابتدائی دور میں فارسی ادب سے زیادہ متاثر ہوئی۔ اُردو کی ابتدائی شاعری کے مطالعہ سے پتا چلتا ہے کہ ہمارے شعراء نے بھی وہی گل وبلبل کے قصے اور محبوب کی بے وفائی کو شاعری کا موضوع بنایا۔ اگرچہ مرزا مظہر علی خاں کو بعض ناقدین اُردو شاعری کی کثافت کو کم کرنے کا معمارِ اوّل سمجھتے ہیں اور میرتقی میرؔ نے بھی یہ دعویٰ کیا تھا۔
اِس بات پر تمام ناقدین متفق ہیں کہ اُردو شاعری میں جدت کی بنیاد مولانا الطاف حسین حالیؔ نے رکھی۔ اگرچہ اِس سے پہلے نظیر اکبرآبادیؔ بھی شاعری کو اُمرا کی محفلوں سے نکال کر غرباء کے مساکن اور گلی محلوں تک لے آئے تھے۔ مگر حالی وہ شخصیت ہیں جنہوںنے اس بنیاد پر بہت بڑی عمارت کھڑی کردی۔ مولانا الطاف حسین حالیؔ اس حوالے سے ’’مجموعہ نظم حالی‘‘ میں جدید اردو شاعری میں فطرت نگاری، مقصدیت اور سادگی کو شاعری کا لازمہ قرار دیتے ہیں۔(۱)
مولانا الطاف حسین حالیؔ سرسید کے رفقائے کار میں سے تھے اور سرسید احمد خان کے نظریات، فلسفہ اور اصلاحِ قوم کے...
Malaria is still a health problem in Indonesia. The number of malaria cases according to the 2018 RISKESDAS reached 8076 cases, and the highest number was obtained from Papua province with 3,334 cases. Multiple infection malaria in Indonesia according to RISKESDAS 2018, has a rate of 0.01% of the total cases, namely Plasmodium Falciparum malaria and Plasmodium non Falciparum malaria. A 47 year old man was referred from the clinic with complaints of high fever preceded by chills 10 days before being admitted to the hospital. Accompanied by shortness of breath, unable to get off the treatment bed due to feeling very weak, nauseous, sick and having a bulging stomach. Physical examination revealed a pale conjunctiva, ronkhi in the lower field of the right lung, dim percussion in the basal of the left lung, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, shifting dullness. Ring form vivax, on chest X-ray found a left pleural effusion. It is known that the patient previously lived in Papua from September 2018 to May 2019. During treatment, the patient was given artesunate injection therapy, dihydroartemisin + piperaquine and primaquin for seven days of treatment. At the end of the treatment, another chest X-ray was performed and re-examination of the peripheral blood smear, no more pleural effusions were found and no parasites were found on re-examination of the peripheral blood smear. Mixed infection of vivax and falciparum malaria, is a rare case that may occur in endemic areas where both plasmodium can be found. The prevalence in Indonesia according to RISKESDAS is only about 0.01% of all malaria cases in Indonesia.
Intellectually disability is a genetically heterogeneous disorder that results due to impairment in development of nervous system. Intellectual disability is characterized by an IQ level below 70 and limitation in adaptive behaviors. Prevalence of intellectual disability is estimated 2-3% worldwide. In Pakistani population, prevalence of intellectual disability is higher than the average. Numerous factors contribute to the elevated prevalence. These include poor nutrition, deprived social-economic conditions, birth defects, and consanguinity. Genetic factors contributing to intellectual disability have not been studied comprehensively in Pakistani population. The present project was conducted at the Genetic Diseases Laboratory, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), Lahore. The aim of study was to uncover genetic determinants of intellectual disability in local population. Thirty two families with multiple intellectually disabled patients are enrolled from various cities. Genetic analysis of these families to determine causative genetic variations, homozygosity mapping and next generation sequencing was performed. The results were further verified by in-silico tools and Sanger sequencing. Two families designated PKMR198 and PKMR 216 showed linkage to MRT23 and MRT9 respectively. Two families, PKMR 205 and PKMR 213, showed novel linkage at chromosome 13 and chromosome 1 respectively. Exome sequencing was utilized to find pathogenic DNA changes that have potential to cause intellectual disability. In three families recurrent mutations were found in reported genes for intellectual ability. PKMR29 showed segregation of recurrent mutation c.881A>G in POMT2. PKMR115 presented mutation c.57G>A in SRD5A3. In PKMR184, recurrent mutation c.5769delT was present in SPG11. Novel pathogenic variations were found in ten genes known to be involved in intellectual disability. These pathogenic variations were homozygous in affected individuals. In five families PKMR85, PKMR99, PKMR119, PKMR193 and PKMR133 novel pathogenic missense variations in MED23_c.506A>G, SYNE1_c.939G>C, PGAP1_c.2276A>G, ARL13B_c.599G>A and DOCK8_c.295G>A were segregated with intellectual disability respectively. In another three families PKMR79, PKMR212 and PKMR224 novel disease causing frameshifts variants AP4M1_c.1287delG, ZFYVE26_c.1630_1631delTC and MKKS_c.775delA showed segregation with intellectual disability respectively. One family PKMR102 segregates stop gain variation ASPM_c.3977G>A with microcephaly. A canonical splice site variation AP4S1_c.139-2A>G at splice acceptor site was found segregating with disease phenotype in family PKMR216. In addition, the results revealed pathogenic genetic variations in nine novel candidate genes. In four families PKMR153 PKMR174, PKMR195 and PKMR213 missense damaging variations GPAA1_c.527G>C, MEGF9_c.686G>A, WFDC1_c.634G>A and TMEM222_c.214G>A were segregated with the neurologic impairment. In four families PKMR64, PKMR200, PKMR206 and PKMR215 novel truncating disease causing variations CAPN12_c.658_659delAA, UBE2J2_c.77_78delAA, CCDC82_c.373delG and PUS7_c.89_90delCA showed segregation respectively. In PKMR72 a silent and splice site variation of MDGA2 (c.2232A>G) is segregating. All known and novel pathogenic variations were homozygous in intellectually disable patients and segregate with autosomal recessive inheritance. These findings further expand the existing repertoire of genes involved in ARID.