Improved and size controlled methods were developed for the synthesis of noble metal such as (Au, Ag and Hg) nanoparticles/nanosols. In first phase, spherical 3.5 ± 0.7 nm sized Gel-AuNPs were synthesized using strong reductant NaBH 4 and gelatin as stabilizer in aqueous system at room temperature. At optimum parameters Gel-AuNPs were characterized using UV-visible, HRTEM, STEM, AFM, XRD and DLS. Gel-AuNPs were used as catalyst for reduction of EB, MB and RB in the presence of NaBH 4 . 100% reduction of EB, MB and RB dyes were carried out in just 150 sec. Plot of lnC Vs Time (sec) shows that reaction is undergoing through first order kinetics. Additionally, Gel- AuNPs were also tested for transformation of 4-NP to 4-AP in the presence of NaBH 4. At optimum conditions, complete reduction of 4-NP into 4-AP was carried out in just 120 sec. This study suggested that easier and faster method was developed for fabrication of Gel- AuNPs in aqueous system, synthesized Gel-AuNPs proved excellent catalyst for reduction of various dyes and 4-NP in aqueous medium. The process of catalysis is environmental friendly in terms of recovery of Gel-AuNPs, exceptionally fast and hence extremely economical. In second phase, Ibuprofen reduced/capped AgNPs were fabricated in aqueous medium at 90 0 C; Ibu-AgNPs were characterized by UV-visible, HRTEM, STEM, AFM, XRD and DLS techniques. HRTEM images reveal that stable spherical AgNPs with an average diameter 3.05 ± 0.6 nm were formed. Ibu-AgNps were applied on to surface of GCE and used as voltammetric Pb(II) sensor. The fabricated sensor is simple, highly selective, sensitive, stable and reproducible and works in linear range, 0.1–1500 ppb with lower detection limit (LDL) of 0.01 ppb (50 pM) and regression coefficient of 0.999 for Pb(II) ions. RSD of 1.5% was observed for 20 replicates of 1000 ppb Pb(II) solution which proves its excellent reproducibility. Drinking, tap and river water samples were successfully analyzed for estimation of Pb(II) ions by developed sensor. In addition to, synthesized Ibu-AgNPs were also tested for catalytic reduction of EB, MB and RB in the presence of NaBH 4 . 100% bleaching of EB, MB and RB dyes were carried out in only 100 sec, 150 sec and 150 sec respectively. Moreover synthesized Ibu-AgNPs were used for catalytic reduction of 4-NP to 4-AP in the presence of NaBH 4 , 100% transformation of 4- NP to 4-AP was carried out in just 60 sec. Plot of lnC Vs time (sec) shows that reduction of EB, MB, RB and 4-NP proceeds through first order kinetics. In third phase, spherical 4 nm ±1 average sized Ibu-HgNsols were synthesized in which hydrazine was used as reductant and ibuprofen as stabilizer in aqueous system at room temperature. At optimum parameters Ibu-HgNsols were characterized by UV-visible, AFM, TEM, STEM and DLS. Synthesized Ibu-HgNsols were applied onto GCE and used as voltammetric sensor for simultaneous determination of Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cu(II) with linear response ranging from 0.1 – 600 ppb and R 2 value around 0.999 for all metals with LDL of Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cu(II) as 0.05 ppb, 0.042 ppb, 0.03 ppb and 0.035 ppb respectively. The sensor was successfully used for monitoring Zn (II), Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cu(II) in various types of water samples. In addition to, synthesized Ibu-HgNsols were used as sensor for determination of acrylamide (AA) in aqueous system using SWV; developed sensor displayed an excellent electro sensing response for AA. At optimum parameters calibration graph was plotted in the range 100 - 1300 ppb. Calibration plot describes excellent linearity with R 2 value 0.996, and LDL was calculated as 0.85 ppb. The sensor exhibited high sensitivity, selectivity and stability. The developed sensor was also applied for determination AA in various industrial aqueous real samples.
اردو تنقید کے بنیاد گزار(پروفیسر احتشام حسین) جس طرح اردو تنقید میں مولانا حالی ، شبلی نعمانی مشہور ہوئے اسی طرح ان کے بعد تیسری اہم شخصیت پروفیسر احتشام حسین ہیں۔مولانا حالی نے مغربی علماء کی کتابیں پڑھ کر ان تصورات کو ذہن میں رکھ کر اردو تنقید کی شیرازہ بندی کی۔احتشام حسین ترقی پسند تحریک سے وابستہ تھے۔انہوں نے اس تحریک کے اصولوں کو سامنے رکھا اور انہوں نے نا صرف ترقی پسندوں کے نظریات و خیالات کومدنظر رکھا بلکہ مارکسی ،سماجی اور ترقی پسند تحریک کے اصولوں کو سامنے رکھا۔ ۱۹۳۶ء تا ۱۹۷۲ء کے ادبی تنقیدی منظر نامے پر نظر ڈالی جائے تو نظریاتی تنقید کو پروان چڑھانے میں جن لوگوں کا حصہ ہے ان میں سب سے نمایاں نام سید احتشام حسین کا ہے۔ ان کا تنقیدی نظریہ "نظریاتی تنقید" کے نام سے مشہور ہوا۔ تنقید کے حوالے سے جب ہم بات کرتے ہیں تو یہ بات سامنے آتی ہے کہ نقاد کو فطری اور سماجی علوم، انسانی تمدن کی تاریخ، زبان کی پیدائش اور نشوونما کی تاریخ کا مطالعہ کیے بغیر تنقید کے میدان میں قدم نہیں رکھنا چاہیے ورنہ وہ اس دشوار گزار منزل سے نہ گزر سکے گا۔ اردو میں نظریاتی تنقید کے حوالے سے جو کام ہوا ہے اس میں ترقی پسند تحریک کی جو بنیا د قائم ہوئی اس پر ترقی پسند نقادوں نے عمارت قائم کی اور احتشام حسین نے انہی اصولوں کو مدنظر رکھ کر کام کیا۔یہ سچ ہے کہ احتشام حسین نے اپنی تنقید نگاری میں مارکسزم سے استفادہ کیا مگر ساتھ ہی انہوں نے دوسرے مغربی نقادوں کے تصورات سے فائدہ اٹھایا۔ان کا خیال ہے کہ اگر تنقید محض عملی کام ہے اور محض تاثرات کا بیان نہیں ہے تو ان تمام جدید علوم سے کام لینا ہوگا جن سے زندگی اور ادب کو سمجھا...
There are two main sources of Islam, one is the Book of Allah and the other is the Sunnah and Sira of the Prophet (peace be upon him). The Qur'an is the final collection of 23 years of divine revelation revealed to the Holy Prophet (PBUH) whose literal and spiritual preservation was undertaken by Allah Almighty Himself. Therefore, the Qur'an is the only book in the world which has one letter, one action and one line in its original state just as it was revealed to the pure heart of the Holy Prophet (sws) and the Holy Prophet (sws). The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) told the Sahaabah. That is why the greatest truth of Islam, the book is the living Qur'an. The second major basis of the reality of Islam is the pure Sira and Sunnah of the Prophet of Humanity, the Servant of the Universe. Like the Qur'an al-Hakim, every moment, every day and every angle of the life of the author of the Qur'an is in front of everyone like an open book with all its mysteries. Even in front of one's own and in front of others. A da’if hadith is a hadith which does not fulfil the conditions of the sahih or hassan hadith.
Ruling: There is a difference of opinion between the ‘ulema on the ruling on acting upon weak hadiths. The reliable opinion is that weak hadiths can be acted upon for virtuous supererogatory deeds (fada’il al a’mal), for religious exhortation, and stories, and similar things that are not connected to legal rulings and tenants of belief.
Keywords: Hadith, Hadith e Da’eef, Derivation of Ahkaam, Jurists, Different opinions.
The traditional method is being widely used in teaching of science at elementary level in Pakistan despite of knowing its advantages and disadvantages. This study was aimed at investigating effectiveness of traditional and heuristic methods of teaching science at elementary level. The experimental study was delimited to Punjab. Two schools-one urban and other rural, were selected on convenient basis to conduct the experiments. One of the experiments was conducted in urban area of district Lahore, while the other was conducted in the rural area of district Jhang. In this study, an achievement test was used as an instrument which covered four major areas of the study. Among 90 students of 6th class, 60 students were selected randomly in rural school and 60 students out of 126 students were selected in urban school. After then, 60 students of 6th class from each school were divided into two equal groups having almost similar level of learning achievement. Experiment 1 (rural school) was conducted in September, 2009 while the experiment 2 (urban school) was conducted in April-May, 2010. Each experiment was comprised of a control group (taught by traditional method) and an experimental group (taught by heuristic method). Semistandardized lesson plans and science kit were used for teaching to the experimental groups using activity based teaching learning model. Each experiment lasted for eight weeks with five days teaching the subject of science to class VI. Pre-test post-test equivalent group design was used. In the beginning of the experiment, pre-test was conducted for the groups in rural and urban schools. Two teachers having similar educational qualifications and teaching experience were selected to teach these two groups including researcher. Data was analyzed using SPSS. The statistical techniques used to investigate the effectiveness of control and experimental groups in rural and urban areas were mean, standard deviation, co-efficient of variance and t-test. It was found that the performance of experimental groups, both in rural and urban schools was better than the performance of control groups, which shows the scope and significance of heuristic method to teach science at elementary level. It was also found that the achievement level of experimental group was better in all four content areas of test i.e. Characteristics of living and nonliving thins, Cell a unit of life, organization of life and environment. It was also found that the achievement level of experimental group students was better in all three ability skills i.e. Knowledge, Comprehension and Application. On the basis of findings, conclusions and recommendations were made accordingly.