The research work describes the synthesis and characterization of compounds containing cyclic and heterocyclic moieties, Phthalimide and phenyl amide compounds aiming at search of new candidates to battle with microorganisms. Thanks to metals for being the charm of medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry since many decades. To widen this search, 15 potential ligands were synthesized. Compounds containing phthalimide moieties (HL1-HL6) were synthesized by the reaction of various anilines with phthalic anhydride. The compounds were isolated in pure form and checked by TLC and had sharp melting points. The single crystal structures of the compounds were also reported and discussed. Then the compounds were treated with metal salts e.g, Zn (II), Fe (III), Cu (II), Sb (III) and as a result thirty four new metal complexes were synthesized. Further, phenylamide derivatives (HL7-HL11) were synthesized by reacting anilines with acetic anhydride. HL12-HL15 were synthesized by reacting substituted anilines with maleic anhydride and succinic anhydride. Forty new complexes of these amides with metals e,g Zn (II), Fe (III), Cu (II) and Sb (III) have been synthesized. All of the synthesized complexes were heat, air and moisture stable, but during the synthesis moisture and air were avoided to prevent the oxidation of the compounds using standard Schlenk line and glove box techniques. The stability profile augments the link between organometallics and drug design and discovery. The purity of all synthesized compounds was conventionally monitored with the help of TLC in different solvents. All synthesized compounds and their complexes with transition metals were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, GC-MS, 1H and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy. The structures were finally confirmed with the help of single crystal structures. All synthesized compounds and their metal complexes were evaluated for their carbonic anhydrase inhibition, intestinal alkaline phosphatase inhibition, antileshminial, anti oxidant, cytotoxic and antibacterial activities. The results of these bioassays are also reported and discussed in detail. The phenylamide ligands showed good carbonic anhydrase inhibition, as compared to phthalimides ligands. Further, the activity was enhanced by 40-60% in case of antimony complexes but the zinc complexes have shown slightly less carbonic anhydrase inhibition. Similarly, the complexes of antimony with amide ligands have shown excellent IAP inhibitory activities, while the zinc complexes have shown a maximum potential against IAP inhibition. Although most of the compounds are found to be good antileshminial inhibitors, the results have proved that the metal complexes of Zn, Cu and especially Sb have increased activities as compared to parent free ligands. Additionally, the said complexes also showed enhanced cytotoxic activities against BHK-21 and H-157 cell lines. The antibacterial activity against Gram –ve and Gram +ve bacteria were outstanding in case of metal complexes with the phthalimide ligand HL2. Results of antibacterial screening of compounds as percent inhibition against bacteria are reported. Overall, these newly synthesized metal complexes have provided important candidates for drug discovery. These candidates may be improved to be used as drugs, having enhanced pharmacological action.
ورفعنا کی صدا محمد اویس ازہر مدنی عشقِ احمدؐ کی ضیا ہے ورفعنا کی صدا دلِ عرفاں کی صدا ہے ورفعنا کی صدا قدسیوں کی بھی ندا ہے ورفعنا کی صدا سرورِ دیںؐ کی ثنا ہے ورفعنا کی صدا کس کو معلوم ہوئی رفعتِ سرکارِ جناںؐ کون جانے گا کہ کیا ہے ورفعنا کی صدا پڑھ کے ملتا ہے سکونِ دل و جاں قاری کو قلبِ عاشق کی نوا ہے ورفعنا کی صدا مدحتِ سرورِ عالمؐ ہے ہر اک پر لازم اک فریضے کی ادا ہے ورفعنا کی صدا جاں گزیں کرتی ہے دل میں شہِ دیںؐ کی الفت مرے آقاؐ کی ولا ہے ورفعنا کی صدا خود سے اک لفظ بھی لکھا نہیں جا سکتا تھا مرے مولیٰ کی عطا ہے ورفعنا کی صدا بخش دیتی ہے تر و تازگی ایمان کو بھی خلد کی آب و ہوا ہے ورفعنا کی صدا ہے یہ گنجینئہ عشقِ شہِ والاؐ ازہر بالیقیں دولتِ ما ہے ورفعنا کی صدا
The attachment system is thought to facilitate relationship goals by motivation seeking and bonding activities with significant others, particularly under times of stress (Bowlby, 1982). Attachment theory has also contributed to further understanding the marital relationship in terms of profound psychological and physiological interdependence. It is perhaps this interdependence that causes damage to the quality of attachment relationship. Hence, attachment injury is defined as “a specific incident or event in which one partner is unresponsive and inaccessible when one partner cries out for help in extreme need” (Johnson & Makinen, 2001). Therefore, marital distress or breakup in couple’s relationships does not happen suddenly, so understanding of attachment injury in relation to individual’s marital quality and attachment style would help practitioners to be equipped for appropriate and effective inventions. Further it would also help counsellors and mental health professionals to be familiar with the complexities of the topic by dealing with consequences of an attachment injury ethically and competently. Therefore our study aimed at examining the prevalence and nature of attachment injury and its effect on marital quality, in a group of married heterosexual couples. It also attempted to associate attachment styles with and without attachment injury in couples. The study employed cross-sectional exploratory design with a set of self-administered measures. The sample comprised of 400 married individuals from urban Bangalore. Statistical results showed those individuals who were experiencing attachment injury are associated with poor marital quality. It was also seen that attachment injury was found to be associated with gender and insecure attachment style. Therefore our findings suggest that poor marital quality with insecure attachment style plays an important role in attachment injury over time. Based on the attachment style, further intervention strategies and effective programs should be designed for marital counselling. And marital enrichment programs may be useful to enhance marital quality to prevent the marital distress or breakups.
In the last couple of decades Islamic banking has adapted significantly to the constraints and thus sustained and grew. This thesis aims to describe the obscured adaptations in the Islamic banking to the prevailing constraints and the outcomes of these adaptations, within the Islamic participatory financing cases as evidence. Participatory financing arrangements including Musharakah and Mudarabah are believed to be the ideal modes of financing as prescribed within extensive Islamic finance literature. Therefore, Islamic banks are, usually, expected to apply participatory financing. In practice, however, the participatory financing is not dominant, primarily, because it is constrained by its inherent uncertainty, it has weak regulation particularly related to its operations, and it has lower demand, as the thesis found in the literature. Recently, however, the makeup of financing portfolio of Islamic banks has shown significant growth in the share of participatory financing. This thesis claims that this growth is because of adaptation in participatory financing to the underlying constraints. The thesis, therefore, aims to theoretically and empirically develop a framework to conceptualize the constraints to participatory financing, the responding adaptation to the constraints, and its outcomes. Three interrelated research objectives are set for this purpose. Firstly, a typology of constraints to the participatory financing is developed through a rigorous systematic literature review and is presented as pre-empirical framework. This typology is important for understanding the adaptation to constraints and its outcomes. Ninety-one most relevant publications are analyzed as qualitative evidence for conceptualizing the constraints. Secondly, the thesis empirically described the adaptations in participatory financing to the constraints, and resulted outcomes. A multiple case-study research is designed using working capital financing (WCF), consumer financing (CF), and commodity operations financing (COF) as the cases. Thirty in-depth interviews are conducted with the Islamic banking personnel dealing in these financings, using snowballing within the cases. Related documents and observations are used too as source of evidence. The data is analyzed through Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA) process within QSR NVivo. The findings are reported as a holistic post-empirical Constraints, Adaptations, and Outcomes (CAO) framework. The CAO framework specify three broad categories of constrains, which are i) uncertainty ii), low demand, and iii) regulatory constraints. The participatory financing has adapted well in terms of i) repositioning to the market, ii) restructuring of its risk management, iii) restructuring the sharing mechanism, and iv) restructuring its operations. As outcomes, i) the repositioning and revised sharing structure has increased the demand of participatory financings, ii) the restructuring of risk management has reduced the uncertainty, andiii) the restructuring of its risk management and operations have made the participatory financing more effective within current regulations. Thus, due to these adaptations the participatory financing has become more viable and has consequently grown significantly in Pakistan. The novel CAO framework provides a base for the theoretical understanding of the current adaptation to constraints within Islamic banking, and specifies its outcomes. Moreover, it can provide bases for policy making to deal with the contemporary and future constraints to Islamic banking to ensure its sustainability and growth.