داستان کی تعریف:
داستان کو اردو نثر کی اولین صنف قرار دیا گیا ہے۔داستان جھوٹی کہانی یا من گھڑت قصہ ہوتا ہے داستان وہ طویل کہانی ہے جو حقیقی زندگی کے بجائے مافوق الفطرت عناصر اور مخیرالعقول واقعات سے تعلق رکھتی ہے۔ ایسی کہانی جادوئی واقعات کا ایک طویل سلسلہ ہوتا ہے۔ دنیا کے تقریبا ہر ادب کے آغاز میں داستان موجود ہے اس کی وجہ انسان کے شعور کی اولین سطح ہے۔ علم و آگہی کے فروغ اور سائنس اور ٹیکنالوجی کے باعث انسان داستان کی سحرزدہ طبع سے باہر نکلا تو ادب میں داستان کی ناول ،ناولٹ ،افسانہ اور مختصر افسانہ وغیرہ جیسی اصناف متعارف ہوئیں۔داستان افسانوی ادب کی قدیم ترین صنف ہے۔ ان کے کردار عام طور پر مثالی ہوتے ہیں۔ زبان میں تکلف زیادہ ہوتا ہے۔اکثر داستانوں کا ماخذ عربی فارسی یا سنسکرت قصے ہوتے ہیں بعض طبع زاد ہوتے ہیں۔
اردو ادب میں داستان:
اردو کی قدیم داستانوں میں قصہ مہر افروز و دلبر، نو طرز مرصع، عجائب القصص، فسانہ عجائب، بوستان خیال، داستان امیر حمزہ، طلسم ہوش ربا کو بہت زیادہ مقبولیت حاصل ہے۔ اس کے بعد فورٹ ولیم کالج میں لکھی گئی داستانوں میں باغ و بہار، آرائشِ محفل، مذہبِ عشق وغیرہ بہت مشہور ہوئیں۔
اردو داستان کی تاریخ
دکن میں اردو داستان:
اردو میں تقریباً تمام اصناف کی ابتدا دکن میں ہوئی ہے۔ اردو کی پہلی داستان "سب رس" مانی جاتی ہے۔ اس کا مصنف ملا وجہی ہے۔ "سب رس" اردو کی مقبول ترین تمثیلی داستان ہے۔ اس میں حسن و عشق کی کشمکش اور عشق اور دل کے معرکے کو قصے کی صورت میں پیش کیا گیا ہے۔" طوطی نامہ" یا طوطا کہانی دکنی نثر کا دوسرا اہم کارنامہ ہے یہ ایک ترجمہ ہے۔ لیکن اس کا مترجم نامعلوم ہے۔ "انوار سہیلی" کو عالمی ادب میں ایک اہم...
This article discusses the implementation of information and communication technologies in the field of vocational education in the field of costume design, analysis of their use, training of teachers to improve the effectiveness of education using information and communication technologies. In this article discusses the development of students 'competence in designing and modeling clothing using modern information and communication technologies in the training of specialists, increasing students' knowledge and skills, interest in the learning process and the ability to apply their knowledge in practice in the future. The focus will be on developing appropriate strategies for the new education role. The data show that the use of information and communication technologies in the educational process helps to increase the effectiveness of education and facilitates the organization of the learning process. In particular, it shows that the contribution of information and communication technologies to the improvement of the educational process in educational institutions, where information and communication technologies are an innovative factor. Achieving this high level means that the educational institution must not only modernize the technological tools, but also change the teaching models.
Among major cropping systems, rice–wheat system is questioned due to its high contribution in carbon (C) fluxes. To quantify the impact of nutrient management approach on harvestable C-biomass, crop-derived C, soil organic C and N-sequestration, growth, development and yield of rice and wheat, a 2-year field study was executed under conventional tillage (CT) and reduced tillage (RT) in rice-wheat system of Punjab-Pakistan. The fertilization management treatments, including control (T1); treatment 2 (T2, NPK) recommended NPK; treatments 3 (T3, animal manure (M; 20.0 Mg ha-1); treatment 4 (T4, 100% crop residue incorporation; treatment 5 (T5, NPKM5/5) 50% NPK and 50% M; treatment 6 (T6, NPKS5/5) 50% NPK and 50% crop residue; treatment 7 (T7, 0.25NPKM + 0.50S) 25% NPK with 25% M and 50% crop residue and treatment 8 (T8, 0.25NPKS + 0.50M), 25% NPK with 25% crop residue and 50% M were randomly allocated in a split plot design under CT and RT. The results show that organo-mineral treatments (T5-T8) increased harvestable C-biomass by 12.56% and 53.31% relative to the sole organo-mineral (T2-T4) and control (T1) treatments, respectively, under both tillage systems. Further, organo-mineral treatments resulted higher crop-derive C-inputs by 38.27% and 60.72% over control treatment. Additionally, organo-mineral fertilizers significantly reduced the soil bulk density (BD), leading more N-sequestration. The organo-mineral treatments enhanced total dry matter (TDM) of wheat by 30.99 to 53.67%, mean crop growth rate (MCGR) by 30.07 to 65.07%, leaf area index (LAI) by 43.78 to 57.28%, productive tillers by 43.04 to 51.53% and grain yield by 22.52 to 62.31% relative to control under both tillage methods. In rice, organo-mineral treatments enhanced TDM by 35.90 to 54.83%, MCGR by 38.11 to 53.02%, LAI by 21.14 to 51.68% and productive tillers by 11.11 to 32.44% as compared to control. Subsequently, DNDC model successfully captured the trends in SOC contents which is indicated by several statistical indexes such as -0.75 < ME < 0.42, 0.68 g kg−1 < RMSE < 1.06 g kg−1, 0.70 < d < 0.87, 10.94% < nRMSE < 16.26, 4.82 < MPD < 5.77, and 0.31 < MAE < 0.34. In conclusion, an appropriate combination of inorganic NPK, crop stubbles and animal manure could be beneficial to stimulate C-stocks and N-sequestration which directly will alter the soil physical and biological properties for better crop growth and development. Further, DNDC have identified that combine use of inorganic and organic amendments may be beneficial to sequester more SOC sequestration. A greenhouse study was conducted to assess the simultaneous effects of BC and nitrogen (N) fertilization to reduce N2O and CH4 emissions along with higher biomass accumulation in rice under controlled conditions. Nine treatment combinations of BC amendments at 0, 2 and 4% by weight (weight of BC/weight of soil) mixed into 3500 g of unsterile soil with 0, 70 and 140 kg N ha-1 were used in growing rice. Results show that BC-only treatments enhanced the volumetric water contents (VWC) by 9-14% and soil pH by 5-7% coupled with higher daily and cumulative seasonal CH4-C fluxes by 85-95% and 48-51%, respectively, compared with control treatment. Subsequently, the DNDC model also simulated the CH4 emissions trends well in agreement with the measurements. Thus, this study suggests that the use of BC amendment at 2% with 140 kg N ha-1 may be a beneficial strategy to reduce the net GHG emissions from paddy rice in an Alfisol. However, the DNDC model must be calibrated and validated by intensively measurements of additional soil variables including dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial composition after application of different types of biochar.