رام لعل
اردو دنیا میں اس وقت جناب رام لعل کا ماتم بپا ہے، وہ اردو کے اچھے اہل قلم اور ممتاز افسانہ نگار تھے، ان کا آبائی وطن مغربی پنجاب میں میانوی تھا، لاہور میں تعلیم ہوئی اور یہیں سے ان کی ادبی و تحریری زندگی کا آغاز ہوا۔ تقسیم ہند کے بعد ہندوستان آئے اور ریلوے میں ملازم ہوئے، کچھ عرصہ دہلی میں گزرا پھر لکھنؤ آئے اور اندرانگر میں مستقل بودوباش اختیار کرلی۔ وہ لکھنؤ کی ہر ادبی و تہذیبی سرگرمی کا جز ہوگئے تھے۔ افسانہ نگاری ان کا خاص میدان تھا، انہوں نے پاکستان اور بعض مغربی ملکوں کا سفر بھی کیا جن کے سفرنامے بھی لکھے۔ ’’زردپتوں کی بہار‘‘ اور ’’خواب خواب سفر‘‘ اردو کے مقبول سفرنامے سمجھے جاتے ہیں۔ رام لعل صاحب کو ادبی خدمات کے صلے میں قومی سطح کے متعدد اعزاز حاصل ہوئے۔ پاکستان سے ملنے والے ایوارڈ کی رقم پاکستانیوں کو نذر کردی۔ وہ قرطاس و قلم سے ہی سروکار نہیں رکھتے تھے بلکہ بڑے عملی شخص بھی تھے۔ ان ہی کی دعوت پر لکھنؤ میں غیرمسلم اردو مصنفین کی عظیم الشان کانفرنس ہوئی۔ کل ہند اردو رابطہ کمیٹی کا قیام ان کی جدوجہد کا نتیجہ تھا، جس کے وہی صدر تھے، اس کے لئے انہوں نے پروفیسر ملک زادہ منظور احمد کے ساتھ پورے صوبے کا دورہ کیا اور اردو کو دوسری زبان بنانے کی کامیاب مہم چلائی۔ اردو اکادمی اترپردیش کے وائس چیرمین اور فخرالدین علی احمد میموریل کمیٹی کے چیرمین بھی رہے، رام لعل جی اردو کی ہر مہم میں شریک رہتے اور اسے قوت پہنچاتے۔ اردو کے ایسے محسن کی موت اس کا بہت بڑا سانحہ ہے۔
(ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، نومبر ۱۹۹۶ء)
In every period, hadith experts have contributed to the preservation of the Hadith. Imam Malik composed M’ūaṭa to safeguard the hadith, and Imam al-Bukhari afterwards turned to al-Mu'tah for assistance. The research methodology of this paper is an analytical study of the reliance of Imām Bukhārī on Al-M’ūaṭa Imam Mālik in Ṣaḥiḥ Bukhārī. In our article, we came to the conclusion that Imam Bukhari recounted a total of six hundred sixty-eight narrations from Imam Malik in his Sahih, of which six hundred four are scriptural narrations that he took from ten versions of Al- M’ūaṭa. As a result, these narrations make up more than ninety percent of all narrations. Contrasted with in his Sahih, Imam Muslim narrates three hundred eighty-nine narrations from Imam Malik, three hundred twelve of which are scriptural narrations that he has derived from eight of narrations of al M’ūaṭa's. These narrations so account for more than eighty percent of all narrations.
Mungbean is superior over all other pulses because it is rich in proteins (24.2%), carbohydrates (60.4%), dietary fiber (14.73%) and very low in fat (0.67%) and can substitute meat quite well especially for poor people. This valuable & high nutritive pulse has low yield due to the shortage of irrigated land as large agricultural land is affected by salt. Its yield can be increased by utilizing huge saline affected fields for its cultivation. Due to salt-sensitive nature of mungbean, five renowned genotypes NM-92, NM-98, NM-51, NM13-1, and NM19-19 were first evaluated under 0, 50, 150, 250 & 350 mM NaCl stress in this study at seedling stage. Among all genotypes NM-92 performed better for all growth, photosynthetic parameters, total soluble proteins, and antioxidant enzymes such as POD, CAT and SOD while, NM19-19 so considered to be highly sensitive at all concentration of NaCl. These two genotypes were further evaluated for cytotoxicity of NaCl. Where, NM-92 showed significantly higher mitotic index and the lesser number of chromosomal aberrations like stickiness in the chromosome, lagged anaphase, spiralization of chromosomes, bridge and disturbed anaphase then NM19-19 genotype. Therefore, enhancing further salt tolerance in mungbean plants to utilize huge saline agricultural lands, application of heat-shock (40 °C for 1h) and phytohormones (GAᴣ, IAA, and SA for 24h) were effective to minimize the adverse effect of salinity. For this purpose, pre- and post-imbibition of phytohormones were first assessed to find out the most effective treatment for salt tolerance. This experiment showed that pre-imbibition treatment of phytohormone alleviates salt stress much better than post-treatment of phytohormone. Furthermore, heat-shock (40 °C), was also able to induce salt tolerance when applied prior to salt stress. The pre-treatment effect of heat-shock (40 °C), gibberellic acid (100 μM), indole acetic acid (100 μM), and salicylic acid (50 μM) on salt-stressed seedlings were investigated for some growth, photosynthetic, biomolecular, and biochemical parameters. Where, the maximum increase in seedling length, fresh biomass, total photosynthetic pigments, total soluble protein, and activities of SOD, APX, GPX, & CAT were found in SA pre-imbibed seedlings as compared to control, and any treatments. In contrast, proline, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde contents were decreased in SA pre-treated salt stressed seedlings. Moreover, protein profile and dendrogram analysis grouped 25 treatments into 6 clusters. Where group of treatments in each cluster showed 100 % homology when comparison was made. However, pre-imbibition of SA treatment showed more divergent and higher number of protein bands among all treatments. Therefore, salicylic acid has a positive role in the mitigation of damage caused by salt stress for all mungbean genotypes. Thus, it is recommended that 50 μM salicylic acid pre-imbibed mungbean seeds have potential to be efficiently grow and give high yield on salt affected zone of the cultivable region, and among all genotypes NM-92 performed best and proved to be most salt tolerant genotype.