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Home > Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Studies of New Ferrocene Based Guanidines

Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Studies of New Ferrocene Based Guanidines

Thesis Info

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Author

Gul, Rukhsana

Program

PhD

Institute

Gomal University

City

Dera Ismail Khan

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2013

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Chemistry

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2107/1/2369S.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727514498

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Four series of trisubstituted ferrocenyl guanidines g(1-18), h (1-18), i (1-6) & j (1-6) of general formula [RC6H5CONC(HN''C6H4C5H4FeC5H5)(HN''''C6H5R1)] where R=3-Cl and R1= H, 3- CF3, 4-CF3, 4-NO2, 4-CH3, 2-CH3, 2,6-C2H5, 2-OCH3, 3-OCH3, 2-Cl, 2,3- (Cl)2, 2,4- (Cl)2, 2,5- (Cl)2, 2,6- (Cl)2, 3,4- (Cl)2, 3,5- (Cl)2, 2,4,5- (Cl)3, 2,4- (Br)2 have been synthesized and characterized by using elemental analysis, FT-IR, multinuclear (1H and C) NMR spectroscopy, UV-Visible spectrophotometery and cyclic voltammeter. Single crystal XRD was used for structural elucidation of some of the synthesized ferrocenyl guanidines. Based on the single crystal X-ray analysis most of the synthesized ferrocenyl guanidine have been stabilized by intermolecular as well as intramolecular hydrogen bonding and possesses interesting supramolecular chemistry having cylindrical cavities and empty spaces. In addition, a tetra substituted ferrocenyl guanidine (N-isopropyl-N-(4-ferrocenylphenyl)-N''-(2, 6-diethylphenyl)-N''''-benzoyl guanidine) has also been synthesized and fully characterized. The preliminary investigation of the anticancer potency of the synthesized ferrocenyl guanidines has been carried out by determining their ability to bind with DNA and by the free radical scavenging activity. The DNA interaction studies performed by cyclic voltammetry and UV-Visible spectroscopy are in close agreement with the binding constants K (0.79 - 5.4) ×105 M-1 (CV) and (0.72 - 5.1) ×105 M-1 (UV-Visible). The results reveal that the ferrocenyl guanidines have strong binding ability with DNA as compared to the guanidines having no ferrocene. The presence of ferrocene is concluded to enhance the DNA binding activity of guanidines. This may be due to the fact that in the presence of ferrocene the delocalization of lone pair of nitrogen extended to Cp ring of ferrocene due to which the nitrogen become more polarized, stable and favorable for electrostatically bind with negatively charged DNA. The binding constants results show that the compounds having ferrocene at para position have slightly larger binding constants values as compared to the meta-ferrocenyl guanidines. This may be due to more delocalization of electron when the Cp ring of ferrocene is at para position. The compounds having electron withdrawing groups on the phenyl ring also have higher binding constant values as compared to those compounds having electron donating groups. This may also be due to the delocalization of lone pair of nitrogen on phenyl ring and making the nitrogen more polar. The free radical scavenging potentials of the selected synthesizes compounds was determined on a UV-Visible spectrophotometer by using DPPH as a free radical. The activity of ferrocene incorporated guanidines was found to be higher than guanidines without ferrocene. The compounds which have electron withdrawing groups showed an increase in the free radical scavenging potency. This might be due to the stabilization of resulting guanidine free radical in the presence of electronegative groups. Antimicrobial activities of the selective synthesized compounds were tested against five representatives, gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aerugnosa and Bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherchia coli) bacterial strains by disc diffusion method. Three fungal strains, fusarium moniliforme, aspergillus fumigates, aspergillus flavus were tested by using well diffusion method. The results revealed that the compounds having ferrocene and electron withdrawing groups showed moderate to good antibacterial activity as compared to the standard drug penicillin used. Significant antifungal activity was observed against aspergillus flavus and good against fusarium moniliforme and aspergillus fumigatus. The antifungal activity of these compounds was found comparable with the standard drug used (Terbinafin). Other compounds having electron donating groups were found to have a moderate or less activity against the tested bacteria and fungi. Exact mechanism of the structure-activity relationship was not yet developed but this might be due to a decrease in basicity, in turn an increase in the lipophilicity of the compounds in the presence of ferrocene and electron withdrawing substituents. Lipophilic compounds have more penetrating power across the cell membrane.
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محترمہ بے نظیر بھٹو

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بے نظیر بھٹو 21جون1953ء کو کراچی میں پیدا ہوئیں ۔ریڈ کلف کالج اور ہارورڈ یونیورسٹی سے اعلیٰ تعلیم کے بعد انہوں نے آکسفورڈ یونیورسٹی سے سیاسیات ،اقتصادیات اور فلا سفی میں اعلیٰ ڈگری حاصل کی ۔

بے نظیر بھٹو آکسفورڈ یونیورسٹی یونین کی منتخب ہو نے والی پہلی ایشیائی مسلمان خاتون تھیں جو یونین کی صدر منتخب ہوئیں ۔انہیں دنیائے اسلام کی پہلی خاتون وزیراعظم ہونے کا اعزاز بھی حاصل ہے ۔

اپنی جدو جہدمیں بھی وہ بے نظیر تھیں اور زندگی کی آخری سانسوں تک ہر ظالم و جابر کے سامنے ڈٹی رہیں ۔

بے نظیر بھٹو نے کئی کتابیں بھی لکھیں اور 1988ء اور 1993ء میں دو بار پاکستان کی وزیر اعظم بھی بنیں ۔

27دسمبر 2007ء کو پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی کی سربراہ اور سابق وزیر اعظم کو راولپنڈی کے لیاقت باغ میں جلسے کے بعد خودکش حملہ اور فائرنگ کر کے قتل کر دیا گیا ۔اس حملے میں ان کے علاوہ مزید 20افراد جاں بحق ہوئے تھے ۔

 

Blashphemy Law and its Interpretation a Pakistans Perspective

Blasphemy law is considered as very basic law in the Muslim societies. This study aims to examine the blasphemy law of Pakistan in historical perspective. Qualitative research designs and discourse analysis techniques have been used to analyse the existing data. In Indian Subcontinent, during the Muslim rules, blasphemy law was being followed and practiced in accordance with principles of Islam. During British regime, it has throughout been demand of the Muslim for legislation of Blasphemy Law. During this period, by acceding to Muslims’ demand, it was introduced but with lesser punishment, even lesser than those which was there in the law of England. In this article, history of the blasphemy law and its interpretation, including conformity with Islamic principles as judged by the Federal Shariat Court, has been documented. In the end, its present status, or restatement of this law, has be unearthed with some suggestions, which have though been alluded to in decisions of the courts, but have not been ever discussed.

Association Between Female Sexual Dysfunction and Fertility Among Women of Reproductive Age at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi.

Introduction: Sexual function plays an essential role in the bio-psychosocial wellbeing and quality of life of women and disturbances in sexual functioning often result in significant stress. Sexual dysfunction in women is a highly prevalent condition affecting up to 43% of women. Subfertility being a common problem affecting up to 20% of the population, causes significant psychosocial distress which might adversely affect sexual functioning and vice versa. However, despite the high prevalence of both conditions, little has been studied on the effects of subfertility on sexual functioning especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Objectives: This study primarily compared the prevalence of female sexual dysfunction in patients on assessment for subfertility and those seeking fertility control services at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi. We secondarily sought to determine the factors associated with female sexual dysfunction in the sub-fertile patients and those seeking fertility control services. Methods: This was an analytical cross sectional study. Eligible women of reproductive age (15-49 years), attending the gynaecological clinics with complaints of subfertility and those seeking fertility control services were requested to fill a general demographic tool containing personal data and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire after informed consent. Prevalence of sexual dysfunction was calculated as a percentage of patients not achieving an overall FSFI score of 26.55. Univariate and multivariate analysis were done to compare clinical variables to delineate the potential association. Results: The prevalence of female sexual dysfunction was 31.2% in the subfertile group and 22.6% in fertility control group. The difference was not statistically significant (p=0.187). The mean domain and overall female sexual function scores were lower in the subfertile group than the fertility control group though this was not statistically significant. The most prevalent sexual domain dysfunctions in both the subfertility and fertility control groups were desire and arousal while the least in both groups was satisfaction dysfunction. Subfertility type was not associated with sexual dysfunction. Higher education attainment was protective of female sexual dysfunction in the subfertile group while use of hormonal contraception was associated with greater sexual impairment in the fertility control group. Higher maternal age and alcohol use appeared to be protective against sexual dysfunction in the combined study population. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated no association between the fertility status and the prevalence female sexual dysfunction. Subfertility type was not associated with sexual dysfunction. Education level and hormonal contraception use were associated with female sexual dysfunction in