Four metal organic frameworks [Zn(3-bpmh)(1,4-bdc)]n, [Cd(3-bpmh)(1,4-bdc)]n [C8H10CdO7]n.4H2O and C15H17N2NiO8 (Ni-BTC) were synthesized and characterized. N-doped nanostructured porous carbon materials coded as PCN920 and PCN900 were obtained through the thermal treatment of two frameworks [Zn(3-bpmh)(1,4-bdc)]n and [Cd(3-bpmh)(1,4-bdc)]n, respectively under argon gas environment, while the third compound [C8H10CdO7]n.4H2O had produced porous carbon material (PC900) through the same heating process as described earlier. The thermal evaporation of Zn metal yielded impressively high surface area carbon (PCN920), which is found to be 1171 m2g-1, while Cd metal elimination from [Cd(3-bpmh)(1,4-bdc)]n and [C8H10CdO7]n.4H2O had generated relatively low surface area carbon i.e. 407 m2g -1 for PCN900 and 877 m2g -1 for PC900. The derived carbon materials PCN920, PCN900 and PC900 had been utilized for the synthesis of bimetallic composites with 10% Pt and 5% second metal (Ni, Cu, Er) through polyol reduction procedure. The bimetallic composites synthesized from PCN920 are coded as Pt-Ni@PCN920, Pt-Cu@PCN920 and Pt-Er@PCN920, while that were prepared from PCN900 are coded as Pt-Er@PCN900 and Pt-Ni@PCN900 and Pt-Cu@PCN900. The PC900 used as support to prepare composites are Pt-Er@PC900 and Pt-Ni@PC900 and Pt-Cu@PC900. The layered cadmium framework [C8H10CdO7]n.4H2O was synthesized in crystal form and characterized through single crystal X-ray analysis. The infrared spectroscopy (IR), UV-Vis spectroscopy and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz TDS) were performed for cadmium metal organic framework. The computational investigations of the framework were performed at B3LYP/LANL2DZ level in gas phase to support our experimental results. The terahertz time domain spectroscopy of [C8H10CdO7]n.4H2O was performed and its refractive index along with absorption coefficient in 0.2-1.3 THz range x were calculated. The Nonlinear optical properties analysis reveals that the first static hyperpolarizability of [C8H10CdO7]n.4H2O is 38 times greater than that of urea. All the composites have been characterized through PXRD, FTIR, RAMAN, BET, XPS, ICP, CHNS/O, EDX, SEM and TEM. The composites Pt-Ni@PCN920, Pt-Cu@PCN920, Pt-Er@PCN920, Pt-Er@PCN900, Pt-Ni@PCN900 and Pt-Cu@PCN900 were analyzed for three important electrocatalytic reactions oxygen evolution (OER), hydrogen evolution (HER) and oxygen reduction reactions (ORR), while Pt-Er@PC900, Pt-Ni@PC900 and Pt-Ni@PC900 were used as electrocatalysts to perform HER and ORR. The performance of Pt-Ni@PCN920 is found to be better than Pt-Er@PCN920 and Pt-Cu@PCN920 having the same substrate PCN920. Secondly, Pt-Er@PCN900 showed excellent performance for HER, OER and ORR than Pt-Ni@PCN900 and Pt-Cu@PCN900. The durability and stability of Pt-Er@PCN900 was marvelous. Thirdly, the performance of Pt-Er@PC900 was superb than Pt-Ni@PC900 and Pt-Cu@PC900. The Nickel metal organic framework, graphene oxide (GO) and their composites Ni-BTC@GO(1%), Ni-BTC@GO(2%), Ni-BTC@GO(3%), Ni-BTC@GO(4%) and Ni-BTC@GO(8%) were synthesized, characterized and used as adsorbents for denitrogenation of synthesized model fuel. The porosity of the composite was enhanced by adding GO as compared to pristine Ni-MOF. The composite material with enhanced porosity and high surface area was used as adsorbent to remove indole, pyridine and quinoline from synthesized model fuel. The adsorption results showed profound increase in the adsorption capacity of the Ni-MOF@GO composite as compared to the pristine MOF. The composites also showed good regenerative ability and reusability.
پیش لفظ کہتے ہیں جب سقراط کو زہر کا پیالہ دیا گیا اور اس نے مسکراتے ہوئے اسے اپنے ہو نٹوں سے لگاناچاہا تو اس کے ایک شاگرد نے زار قطار روتے ہوئے کہا ’’استاد مجھے افسوس ہے کہ آپ بے گناہ مارے جائیں گے‘‘سقراط نے زہر کے پیالے کو ذرا اور مضبوطی سے پکڑتے ہوئے کہا میں بے گناہ ضرور مارا جائوں گا لیکن میری یہ بے گناہی مجھے تاریخ میں ہمیشہ زندہ رکھے گی ۔تم اپنا مشن جا ری رکھنا ‘‘حقیقت بھی یہی ہے کہ ابدی زندگی انہی کو نصیب ہو تی ہے جو بے گناہ مارے گئے یا جو کسی عظیم مقصد کی خاطر اپنے نظریے کی صداقت کا پرچم بلند رکھتے ہوئے اپنے خالقِ حقیقی سے جا ملے ، یہ تاریخ کا فیصلہ ہے کہ آزاد منش لوگوں نے اپنی آزادی کے لیے ہمیشہ رسم دار کو زندہ رکھا ۔ہر زمانے میں کوئی نہ کوئی منصور ضرور پیدا ہو اجس نے اپنے عہدِ وفا کو نبھانے کے لیے اس رسم کو زندہ رکھنے کے لیے یہ علان کیا کہ : ہم ہیں منصور اس زمانے کے ہم سے ہی رسمِ دار زندہ ہے انسانی تاریخ کا جائزہ لیا جائے تو یہ بات واضح ہو جاتی ہے کہ ہنسی خوشی زندگی قربان کرنے کا جذبہ اور سر فروشی کی رسم کے پس منظر میں دو محرکات بہت نمایاں رہے ایک تو مذہب اور دوسرا سیاسی فلسفہ ۔ انسانی وقار اور تقدیس کو زندہ رکھنے والی سوچ اور فکر کی آزادی ضمیر کی آواز کی سر بلندی کے لیے جن لو گوں نے کسی سیاسی پلیٹ فارم پر جد وجہد کی انسانی قدرو ں کی پاسداری اور حقیقی جمہوری معاشرے کے لیے جدو جہد کی بلا شبہ تاریخ انسانی میں ان کا نام ہمیشہ زندہ رہے گا ۔ سر فروشی کے اس قبیلے...
With the growing economic industry, the importance of bill discounting is not obscured any more. It is undoubtedly one of the most important tools of trade financing. Now it has become very easy for importers and exporters to sale any product to a complete stranger anywhere in the world and get the bill against it discounted before its maturity date. That is why this tool is in the practice of all conventional banks. But regarding to shār’iah rulings its prevailed practice in conventional banks is not shār’iah compliance as this transaction consists of debt sale and interest. But due to it’s vitally need, Jurists of Islamic shār’iah have stepped forward with its different alternatives based on Můrabaha, Wākalāh, Můshāārkāh and Bāy’ Sālām in currency. In this article we have covered the causes behind the shār’iah rulings of prevailed bill discounting in conventional banks and addressed the Bāy’ Sālām as an alternative in currencies and its executive model in Islamic banks. Furthermore I have discussed the different opinions of modern scholars regarding these issues.
M-estimators are used as a robust replacement of the general classical estimators used in the field of statistics. Redescending M-estimators are those estimators which reject the extreme values completely. In the first project, a new redescending M-estimator “Uk’s redescending M-estimator” for robust regression and outlier detection has been presented which provide protection against outliers. Moreover, the y -function of the Uk’s estimator is closer to being linear in the central segment before it redescends. Simulation studies show that Uk’s Redescending M-estimator is more efficient than the other estimators. We also have applied the estimator to the real world data taken from the literature. The newly developed Uk’s Redescending M-estimator provides a general idea to interconnect all the Redescending M-estimators with that of the idea used in Andrews sine function. A couple of which has been solved and the rest are under study for the mathematical solution. Bootstrap distribution of the new redescending estimator has been derived for real data sets. The second project explains the application of the newly developed redescending M- estimator to time series forecasting in the presence of outliers. A comparison is made for the forecasted values using the robust estimation procedure and without using robust approach in the presence of outliers. In case when the response variable (dependent variable) is the function of its own lagged values as an explanatory variable (independent variable) or when the response variable is the function of its own lagged value in addition to other different explanatory variables, then such a model is called time series model. The third project is about exponential smooth transition autoregressive models in time series. Exponential Smooth Transition Autoregressive (ESTAR) models can capture non-linear correction of the deviations from equilibrium conditions which may explain the economic behavior of many variables that appear non-stationary from a linear viewpoint. Many researchers employ the test of Kapetanios et al. (2003) that has a unit root as the null and a stationary nonlinear model as the alternative. However, this test statistics is based on the assumption of normally distributed errors in the DGP. Cook (2008) has analyzed the size of the nonlinear unit root of this test in the presence of heavy-tailed innovation process and obtained the critical values for both finite variance and infinite variance cases. However, the test statistics of Cook are oversized. Pavlidis et al. (2010) find that using conventional tests is dangerous though the best performance among these is a HCCME used by Mackinnon and white (1985). The over sizing for LM tests can be reduced by employing fixed design wild bootstrap remedies which provide a valuable alternative to the conventional tests. The size of the Kapetanios et al. test statistic employing hetroscedastic consistent covariance matrices has been derived and the results are reported for various sample sizes in which size distortion is reduced. The properties for estimates of ESTAR models have been investigated when errors are assumed non-normal. We compare the results obtained through the fitting of nonlinear least square with that of the quantile regression fitting in the presence of outliers and the error distribution was considered to be from t-distribution for various sample sizes.