Home > Synthesis, Characterization and Pharmacological Evaluation of Some 1, 2, 4-Triazole, 1, 3, 4-Oxadiazole, Triazolothiadiazole and Indolinone Derivatives
Synthesis, Characterization and Pharmacological Evaluation of Some 1, 2, 4-Triazole, 1, 3, 4-Oxadiazole, Triazolothiadiazole and Indolinone Derivatives
The work presented in the thesis consists of the synthesis, characterization and pharmacological evaluation of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds. For convenience, the research work presented in this thesis has been divided into four chapters. The first chapter includes, the synthesis, characterization and pharmacological evaluation of 4,5- disubstituted-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones and 4,5-disubstituted-1,2,4-triazole-3-ones. Both of these target compounds were synthesized by four-step syntheses involving a series of reactions, including esterification of substituted aromatic acids, hydrazide formation and their condensation with substituted isothiocyanates and substituted isocyanates resulting in the formation of thiosemicarbazides and semicarbazides. The former were obtained by refluxing thiosemicarbazides in sodium hydroxide solution (4N) and the latter were formed by refluxing semicarbazides in sodium hydroxide solution (2N). The final products were obtained by neutralizing the reaction mixtures with dilute hydrochloric acid solution. Later on, the synthesized compounds were screened for their antifungal, anti-inflammatory, acetylcholinesterase, alkaline phosphatase and -glucoronidase activities. The second chapter includes the synthesis, characterization and pharmacological evaluation of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles. These compounds were synthesized by refluxing aromatic acid hydrazides with carbon disulfide in ethanolic potassium hydroxide. All of these compounds were checked for their cytotoxic activities using three different cell lines. The third chapter includes the synthesis, characterization and pharmacological evaluation of triazolothiadiazoles-substituted bridged heterocycles. The synthesis involves the formation of 5- substituted-4-amino-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones by stirring different aromatic hydrazides with carbon disulfide in methanolic potassium hydroxide and resulted in the formation of potassium dithiocarbazinate salts, which on refluxing with hydrazine hydrate, yielded 5-substituted-4- amino-1,2,4-triazoles-3-thiones. Triazolothiadiazoles were formed by refluxing different aromatic acids with 5-substituted-4-amino-1,2,4-triazoles-3-thiones in phosphoryl chloride. All the synthesized compounds were screened for antibacterial, acetylcholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase activities. The fourth chapter addresses the synthesis, characterization and pharmacological evaluation of Schiff bases of isatin, which are known as indolinone derivatives. These compounds were synthesized by the reaction of acid hydrazides with substituted isatins in ethanol. The synthesized compounds were screened for cytotoxic activity.
کسے پنڈ وچ اک بہت ای سمجھ دار خاندان رہندا سی۔ اوس خاندان دے وڈے تاں اک پاسے بچے وی بہت سمجھ داری دیاں گلاں کردے سن، اوس خاندان دا اک بچہ جس دا ناں ’’ننھا‘‘ سی، ہر کسے نال بہت عقل مندی نال گل کروا تے لوک اوس دیاں گلاں سن کے حیران رہ جاندے تے اوس نال پیار کردے۔
اک دن اوہ پنڈ دے نیڑے جنگل وچ گیا۔ اوہنوں جنگل دی حالت ویکھ کے بہت دکھ ہویا کہ جنگل دے سارے رستیاں اتے گھاہ اُگیا ہویا اے۔ کئی درخت سک کے ڈگ پے نیں تے کئی سک دے جا رہے نیں۔ اوس نے تہیہ کیتا کہ اوہ جنگل دی صفائی ستھرائی ضرور کرے گا تے ایس لئی اوہ بادشاہ تک جاون لئی تیار ہو گیا۔
اک سویر اوہ بادشاہ دے دربار اندر پہنچ جاندا اے تے سب توں پہلاں اپنے پنڈ دا تعارف کروا ندا اے۔ اوس دسیا کہ میرا پنڈ بہت سوہنا اے تے پنڈ دے نال لگدا جنگل اوہناں ای گندا اے۔ مینوں ایہہ دسو تہاڈے دل وچ جنگل دی صفائی دا کدے خیال نئیں آیا۔ ایہہ گل سن کے بادشاہ سوچیں پے گیا تے سپاہیاں نوں بہت غصہ آیا۔ اوہناں ننھے نوں دربار وچوں کڈھن لئی پھڑیا۔ بادشاہ نے ایہہ ویکھ کے سپاہیاں نوں روکیا تے آکھیا بچے نوں بولن دیو۔ بادشاہ نے اوس کولوں اوہدا ناں پچھیا۔ اوس دسیا کہ میرا ناں ننھا ایں۔ میرا گھر ایسے پنڈ وچ اے تے میرے والد فوج وچ نوکری کر دے نیں۔ بادشاہ نے پچھیا توں کیہ چاہنا ایں؟ اوس جواب دتا کہ میری خواہش اے کہ میں جنگل دی صفائی کراں۔ تسی مینوں ایس کم دی اجازت دیو۔ کیوں جے ایہہ کم میں اکلا نئیں کر سکدا ایس لئی کجھ سپاہیاں نوں...
In the history of Pakistan, three military governments ruled for a quite long period. Nonetheless, they made no stable policies for the economic development of Pakistan. As a result, Pakistan could not make progress on strong foundation. Economic policies were meant for a shorter interval. Therefore, they only resulted in cosmetic change in the economy. The results of these policies were restricted to a certain class and the public suffered from the negative impact of these policies. Public welfare got secondary importance which resulted in economic inequality. Wealth circulated within a few families. In all the three reigns, no strategy was formed for the paying of external debt. On the one hand, the salvation of Pakistan was put at stake by increasing external debt and aid while on other hand, masses suffered added direct and indirect taxes. In these conditions, common man could not fulfill his basic necessities of life. Pakistan could make considerable progress, if any of the governments might have considered Islamic principles of Islam.
Environmental issues have gained remarkable attention in last two decades. The meager voice raised in early 70’s regarding environmental protection has become the worldwide recognized green marketing campaign. Environmental issues not only got attention of the civil society but also proved to be the most important marketing opportunity for the marketers in the developed countries. Environmental issues has also forced the governments and regulatory authorities to formulate the eco-friendly rules and regulations. Apparently quite less work has been done on green marketing in the developing countries. The conceptual framework developed for this study is to investigate the factors affecting the green purchase intention and actual green purchase behavior in developing countries. Based on theory of reason action (TRA), theory of planned behavior (TPB), in conjugation with attribution theory and using media as influencer, it was tired to analyze the values and attitude influencing the green purchase intention (GPI) and actual green purchase behavior (GPB).The study empirically tested the impact of media, perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE), Environmental concern (EC), Internal environmental locus of control (INELOC), External environmental locus of control (EXELOC) on behavioral intention and actual purchase behavior related to green products. A self-administrated questionnaire was used to conduct this quantitative study and all the variables were measured by using well established measurement scales. The sample size used in the study was five hundred eighty-four and the respondents were selected by using purposive sampling technique. The hypothesized causal relationships were tested by structure equation modeling (SEM) and Analysis of moment structure (AMOS) version 21 is used to perform the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and path analysis. The findings of the study revealed that media significantly influence the perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE), environmental concern (EC), internal environmental locus of control (INELOC) and external environmental locus of control (EXELOC). It was also reported that perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE), internal environmental locus of control (INELOC) and external environmental locus of control (EXELOC) had a significant impact on the green purchase intention (GPI), but environmental concern (EC) had no significant impact on green purchase intention (GPI). The result finding also validates the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in the context of developing countries that Green purchase intention (GPI) has significant impact on green purchase behavior (GPB). Awareness campaigns should be run for green products to enhance the public awareness regarding environmental issues. Media can play a very vital role for the adoption and acceptance of green products. Regulatory authorities and government should make and enforce laws to protect the environment. Government should make environmental friendly policies, subsidize the green product and offer incentives for the producers of the green products. Companies should also take this green revolution as an opportunity to win the consumer heart and dollars. Firms should focus on R&D for green alternatives and offer green substitute for conventional products to get the first mover advantage, as seemingly future is bright for the green products only.