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Synthesis, Characterization and Swelling Kinetics of Co-Polymeric Hydrogels

Thesis Info

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Author

Zohra, Rubab

Program

PhD

Institute

Bahauddin Zakariya University

City

Multan

Province

KPK

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2016

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Subject

Chemistry

Language

English

Link

http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7565/1/Full%20thesis%2c%20Rubab%20Zohra.pdf

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2024-03-24 20:25:49

ARI ID

1676727519643

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Copolymers of methacrylate (MA), vinyl acetate (VA), acrylic acid (AA) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NiPAAm) were synthesized in various combinations through free radical polymerization method. The co-polymers were characterized using different techniques including FTIR, DSC/TGA and rheology. Swelling parameters i.e. dynamic and equilibrium media sorption, media penetration velocity, swelling mechanism and diffusion exponent (n) were investigated with respect to the nature of cross-linker (EGDMA or DEGDMA), concentration of the cross-linking agent and acrylic acid. Stimuli-responsiveness of these hydrogels was determined analyzing the effect of change in media pH on swelling behavior. Based on preliminary swelling studies, Tramadol HCl, the model drug was loaded in selected batches of co-polymeric hydrogels under optimized conditions of pH (8.0) and temperature (37oC). The drug release studies of these hydrogels were carried out in phosphate buffer solution of pH 8.0 and at 37oC, using a UV/Visible spectrophotometer. Various models were applied to interpret the drug release kinetics of the co-polymeric hydrogels. Using equilibrium swelling data, network parameters i.e. Vs, Mc, q etc. were calculated applying Flory-Rehner equation. Rheological characterization was carried out to explore flow behavior of Poly (MA-co-VA-co-AA) physically cross-linked hydrogels, at a temperature range of 10-37oC. The data obtained were modulated using different models. It was found that the rate of media sorption and equilibrium media sorbed through these hydrogels could be fairly controlled changing the composition of co-polymers and swelling conditions say pH and temperature. Most of synthesized hydrogels had a good correlation coefficient with the second order kinetic model in acidic medium and first order kinetics in basic pH except NiPAAm gels which mostly followed Schott’s model in preference to Maxwell- 9 Peppas approach. The hydrogels Poly (MA-co-VA-co-AA) showed Fickian swelling mechanism (n<0.5) in pH below pKa of AA (4.75) and non-Fickian behavior (0.5<n<1) above pKa of AA, whereas NiPAAm gels underwent non-Fickian mechanism at all media pH values. Media penetration velocity and equilibrium media content seemed to have a good correlation coefficient with each other in all synthesized hydrogels. These co-polymeric systems had an excellent capacity to absorb and retain the model drug within their network. It was found that the drug loading and unloading capacity of the systems decreased with the concentration of the cross-linker and improved with higher initial drug concentration. The gels followed predominantly the first order drug release kinetics. The chemically cross-linked Poly (MA-co-VA-co-AA) presented non-Fickian drug release mechanism, but in the NiPAAm co-polymeric hydrogels, Fickian behavior was dominant. It was observed that less concentration of the cross-linking agent, higher amount of AA and the basic medium improved the molecular weight between the cross-links, Mc and reduced the volume fraction of the polymer, Vs. Rheological studies revealed that Poly (MA-co-VA-co-AA) had a threshold concentration of AA after that the gels violated the general trends of yield stress (γ), fluidity index (n) and consistency coefficients (k). These gels showed pseudo-plastic behavior (n<1). Good mechanical strength and promising ability of drug loading and the release in the chemically cross-linked Poly (MA-co-VA-co-AA) in basic medium indicate that these drug carriers are capable to resist peristaltic pressure of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the acidic medium of stomach thus may be used as colon-specific drug delivery systems. The rheological analysis of physically cross-linked Poly (MA-co-VA-co-AA) favors these systems to be used as topogels. Moreover, shift of lower critical temperature from 32oC to 33.6oC by the incorporation of a good balance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic components with N-isopropylacrylamide in co-polymeric hydrogels made them suitable to be loaded with the drug at room temperature and release the drug at 37oC, human body temperature.
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عدلِ اجتماعی کا تصورو اہمیّت

عدل اجتماعی کا تصور واہمیت
(تعلیمات نبوی کی روشنی میں)
عدل و انصاف فقط حشر پہ موقوف نہیں
زندگی خود بھی گناہوں کی سزا دیتی ہے
اس کائنات رنگ و بو میں ہر سو عدل و انصاف کا نظام کارفرما ہے۔ کائنات کی ہر چیز نظام عدل کے گردمحو گردش ہے۔ ہر شعبہ زیست عدل و انصاف کے بغیر اپنا وجود قائم رکھنے سے قاصر ہے۔ اگر عدل و انصاف عنقاء ہوجائے تو کارخانہ حیات خزاں آشنا ہو جائے گا۔فصلِ بہار کے عطر بیز جھو نکے بھی اس کی عروق مردہ میں تازہ خون کی روانی کو برقرار نہ رکھ سکیں گے۔ عدل سے مراد معنوی طور پر کسی شے کو اس کے درست مقام پر رکھنا ہے۔ شرعی اصطلاح میں عدل سے مراد لوگوں میں انصاف کرناہے، ان کے حقوق دلوانا ،ظلم کا خاتمہ کرنا، عدل اسلامی تعلیمات میں ایک اہم مقام رکھتا ہے۔ نیز عدل کے معنی ہیں ’’افراط و تفریط سے بچنا‘‘ یعنی کسی شے کا زیادہ ہونا نہ کم ہونا یہ درجہ مقام وسط یعنی درمیانی ہے۔ اگر بنظرِ غائر دیکھا جائے تو دنیا میں جوبھی برائیاں ہیں وہ افراط وتفریط ہی کا نتیجہ ہیں۔ یعنی اجتماعی عدل کے قیام میں جو چیز سد سکندری ثابت ہوتی ہے وہ افراط وتفریط ہے۔ عدل اجتماعی جیسا کہ مفہوم سے ظاہر ہے کہ ایسا عدل جوسب کے لئے ہو، سب کا ہدف ہو، اور سب اس کے حصول کے خواہاں ہوں۔ نیز سب کیلئے ممدّ و معاون ثابت ہو یہ اسلام کا طرہ ٔامتیاز ہے کہ اجتماعی عدل کے حامی اسلام کے ہر سنہری دور میں موجود ر ہے ہیں۔
احادیثِ مبارکہ میں اسوۂ حسنہ سے عدل کی اہمیت کا اندازہ لگایا جا سکتا ہے۔ آپصلی اللہ علیہ و آلہٖ وسلمکے مبارک عہد میں عدل کرنے میں کافر و مسلمان میں کوئی امتیاز نہ رکھا...

توصيف عجيب الوحي بالحدث القرآني والظاهرة القرآنية

يكشف هذا البحث عن أن تجربة الوحي ليست تجربة عادية، بل هي تجربة من مستوى فوق طبيعي، وإن استكناه حقيقة الوحي أمر متعال، وغير قابل للخضوع إلى أي نوع من أنواع المعرفة الإنسانية. على نحو، أن هذا الوحي القرآني يقدم أصول منهج متكامل في التعامل مع التاريخ البشري. علاوة على ذلك فقد تناول القرآن المسألة التاريخية ضمن العديد من سياقات سوره وآيه، تدرجت بين سرد أحداث القصص القرآني، والعرض المباشر لتجارب السابقين سواء كانوا أفرادا أو جماعات، انتهاء إلى استخلاص القوانين التي تحكم الظواهر الاجتماعية التاريخية. ولتحقيق أهداف البحث استخدمت الباحثة مقاربة تحليلية تهدف إلى تفكيك الظواهر ودراستها دراسة تفصيلية. وقد توصل البحث إلى مجموعة من النتائج أهمها أن حدثا كان له تأثير كبير عل تشكيل، ورسم معالم الفكر والتاريخ الإنسانيين يتمثل في القرآن بما يجليه من تأثير في مجمل مراتب ومناحي هذا الفكر، بل يمكن التأكيد أن التاريخ البشري قد تميز، بقوة، بحدث سجل حضوره القوي وبصم تأثيره عبر العصور المتلاحقة، وسيظل كذلك، هو القرآن الكريم.

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