ارشاد ڈیروی دی منقبت نگاری دیاں فکری و فنی خوبیاں
شاعری اک اجہی ربی نعمت تے صلاحیت ہے ، جو رب حساس تے چونویں بندیاں نوں ہی عطا کردا اے، ایس لئی کہ ایہہ بندے عام لوکائی توں اپنیاں ایہناں خوبیاں پاروں سماج اندر اپنی وکھری پچھان تے مقام رکھدے ہن ، اکثر ویکھن وچ آیا ہے ، کہ جدوں کوئی بندہ شاعری شروع کردا اے، تاں اپنے آپ نوں کسے خاص صنف سخن نال جوڑکے باقی دیاں اصناف سخن نالوں ناطہ توڑ لیندا اے، پر ارشادؔ ڈیروی وانگ بہت گھٹ شاعر ہن جوا کو ویلے کامیابی نال ہرصنف سخن وچ نہ صرف طبع ازمائی کردے نیں سگوں ہر صنف سخن وچ ہر قسم دے موضوعات نوں بیان کرن دی صلاحیت وی رکھدے نیں ، عام قاری دے لئی ارشادؔ ہوری اک مرثیہ گو شاعر ہوون گے پراوہناں لوکاںآپ دی شاعری نوں کدے گوہ نال پڑھن دی کھیچل ای نئیں کیتی، اوہناں اپنی شاعری وچ حیاتی نال تعلق رکھن والے ہر موضوع نوں بیان کیتا اے ، کجھ دا ویروا کیتا جانداے۔
حمد
حمد عربی زبان دا لفظ اے جس نے معنی تعریف کرنا ، شکر کرنا اے ، (۱)حمد دا مطلب اے الحمد للہ کہنا ، حمد (ع،امث)خدا کی تعریف (افعال ، کرنا، ہونا،)، (۲)الحمدلہ، یعنی الحمد للہ، سب تعریف اللہ کے لیے ہے، کیو ںجے ساریاں صفتاں دا منبع تے مرجع اوسے دی ذات اے، قرآن پاک وچ ’’لہ الحمد‘‘ دے الفاظ(۲۴وار) استعمال ہوئے نیں ،(۳)ایسے لئی مسلمان ’’الحمد للہ‘‘ دے الفاظ کثرت نال ورت دے نیں ، جس توں مراد اللہ تعالیٰ دی تعریف تے شکر لیندے نیں ، کیوں جے اوہناں دا عقیدہ اے ، پئی خوشیاں تے غم ، دکھ تے مصیبتاں ، آرام تے سکون خوش حالی تے رزق ، زندگی تے...
As analysts assume that the South Asian regional political environment is difficult to comprehend due to its ethnic divisions and lingual bifurcations as the region hosts more than one and half billion inhabitants divided into India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Maldives, and Sri Lanka. Geographic diversity makes this region unique from all other regions in the world as it is bordered off the Persian Gulf and Arab world through the Indian ocean and opened up from Central Asia to the northern hemisphere. Such a racial, geographic, cultural, lingual and religious diversification had undergone epistemological inquiry during the colonial period in order to devise a central administrative system of regulating Raj’s affairs for the upcoming global world. Therefore, there emerged a unique sense of exploring the unfathomability and multiplicity of the scattering communalities. Through employing Edward W. Said’s critical framework, the present study exposes main theoretical Orientalist formulations by deconstructing major Western theories on South Asian cultures, geography and societies along with its connectivity to the overlapping of global power interests in the present world.
Keeping in view the newly discovered role of nitric oxide in plant growth, development and salt tolerance, an initial experiment was carried out for optimization of nitric oxide concentrations, which were most effective in improving the seed germination rate and early seedlings growth in rice under saline stress. Pre-sowing seed treatment with varying levels (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 mM) of nitric oxide was applied to seeds of four rice cultivars (Shaheen Basmati, Basmati PB-95, KS-282 and IRRI-6), which were subjected to two levels (0 and 80 mM) of salt stress. Salt stress markedly inhibited the seed germination attributes and early seedlings growth in all four rice cultivars. Of all nitric oxide levels 0.5 mM was slightly effective, however, 0.1 and 0.2 mM were most effective in improving seed germination attributes and early seedlings growth of salt stressed rice plants. The both levels (0.1 and 0.2 mM), which were found relatively more effective in first experiment, were used in the yield experiment to study the regulatory role of nitric oxide on various growth, physiological and biochemical attributes of salt stressed rice plants. In this experiment both pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar spray modes were adopted for exogenous addition of nitric oxide to salt stressed rice plants. Salt stress caused a marked suppression growth, chlorophyll content, gas exchange attributes, chlorophyll fluorescence, uptake of essential nutrients, total phenolics and yield content while increased tissue Na+ and Cl- , proline, ascorbic acid, MDA, H2O2 and the activity of antioxidant enzymes including CAT, POD and SOD in all four rice cultivars. Of both nitric oxide levels, 0.1 mM was relatively more effective in improving growth and physiological attributes of salt stressed rice plants as compared to 0.2 mM. Of all four rice cultivars, Shaheen Basmati and IRRI-6 performed better for chlorophyll content, gas exchange attributes and activity of enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, POD and CAT), while KS-282 and IRRI-6 performed better for, total phenolics and yield content. Overall, exogenous nitric oxide treatment was effective in improving fresh and dry biomasses (in both shoots and roots), chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, water relation attributes, K+/Na+ ratio, Ca2+ content, activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and proline content, while in decreasing Na+ and Cl- ions, MDA and H2O2 content.