Single phase barium manganate nanorods, nanoparticles, nanofibers and microparticles were prepared using composite–hydroxide mediated (CHM) method, hydrothermal (HT) technique, electrospinning (ES) and solid state reaction (SSR) route respectively. Size and uniformity of BaMnO 3 nanorods were optimized against different reaction times and reaction temperatures. BaMnO 3 powders consisting of nanorods of an average diameter ~ 200 nm and length ~1 – 1.5 μm, prepared at reaction temperature 200 °C and reaction time 48 hours, were chosen for electrical characterization. Impedance spectroscopy (IS) from 300 – 400 K and 20 Hz – 2 MHz, revealed presence of non-ideal Debye type behaviour in BaMnO 3 samples and was attributed to the presence of heterogeneity in the sample. The heterogeneity was explained on the basis of “brick layer model”. In BaMnO 3 nanorods sample, on the basis of extracted capacitance values, two electro-active regions were investigated i.e., dominant grain boundaries and sample-electrode interfaces. No indication from the bulk effect was observed. Experimental results were fitted using equivalent circuit model (R gb Q gb )( R e Q e ). The ac and dc conduction mechanisms in BaMnO 3 pellets can be explained by correlated barrier hopping (CBH) model and Poole– Frenkel conduction mechanism respectively. While IS analysis of bulk BaMnO 3 sample revealed that different electro-active regions such as grain, grain boundary and sample- electrode interface exist that overlapped with each other in the applied frequency domain. These results were also modelled via a best fit equivalent circuit model (R g C g )(R gb Q gb )(R e Q e ) and the response from different overlapped electro-active regions were separated. The ac conductivity obeys CBH model for bulk BaMnO 3 sample. Uptake of PEGylated BaMnO 3 NPs alone and loaded with photosensitizer (5-ALA) were examined on Hep2c cell lines. It was observed that PEGylated BaMnO 3 NPs loaded with 5-ALA has higher uptake as compared to 5-ALA. The high uptake was attributed to large surface area of BaMnO 3 NPs. It was also observed that BaMnO 3 NPs are non-toxic when administrated to Hep2c cell lines. BaMnO 3 nanofibers were synthesized for the first time using ES technique. Effect of different polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) concentration on uniformity and homogeneity of nanofibers was investigated.
IntroductionSensory integration therapy can improve language skills, attention, and social interactions in children with ASD. However, it is also important to note that research in this field is ongoing, and more studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of these therapies. The present study is aimed to identify the effects of occupational therapy-based sensory processing skill therapies in improving the autism severity and QoL among ASD children. MethodologyThe intervention was performed for 12 weeks, six sessions per week, each based on 60 minutes of duration. The treatment protocol comprised four sensory processing skills in which Each child was trained on every skill for 15 minutes, making a total of 60 minutes of duration for a single session. ResultsSignificant improvements in CARS, CGAS and PedsQL (p<0.001) were observed after 12-weeks of intervention. ConclusionSensory processing skills therapies are a practical treatment approach in optimizing sensory load among ASD children. DOI: https: //doi. Org/10.59564/amrj/01.01/005
The Medium Term Development Frame Work (MTDF) 2005-10 by Planning Commission Government of Pakistan states the policy for power sector in which it puts a greater emphasis on nuclear power resources by increasing its share from currently 425 MW to 8800MW by 2030. With the increase of nuclear share in the overall national energy mix, a corresponding environmental impact and nuclear safety analysis are equally important. These are usually taken care of by Primary Safety Analysis Report (PSAR) of a proposed nuclear power plant. The PSAR of any proposed nuclear power plant involves the assessment of a hypothetical accidental release of radionuclides in the atmosphere as set forth by US-NRC and PNRA such as those given as criteria for preparation and evaluation of radiological emergency plans and preparedness (10CFR100, PAK/910). Modeling atmospheric dispersion (both transport and diffusion) is the first step of such assessments. The objective of this work is to determine a more precise modeling methodology that can better predict the radiological consequences in terms of radionuclide concentration and doses compared to Gaussian dispersion approach that is based on assumptions such as uniform turbulence, flat topography and non-variant wind speed with time and space. The research goal was achieved by developing two broad strategies on the basis of Lagrangian approach. The first strategy is an effort to provide a simple answer to the complex problem. This methodology makes use of empirical parameterization of meteorology which serves as input for dispersion calculations by Lagrangian Stochastic Particle Model (LSPM). But the beauty of approach is its capability to capture complex atmospheric phenomenon like wind directional shear. This approach was used to study hypothetical accidental release of radionuclides in nocturnal atmosphere which generates maximum wind directional shear. The results of dispersion in terms of dispersion coefficients were in good comparison with that of experimental findings in the available literature. The resulting ground level concentrations of radio-nuclides and radiological dose contours were also compared with those based on approach analogous to Gaussian Plume Model (GPM). The exercise proved that how misleading results would be if we ignore wind directional shear in stable atmosphere. The second approach is based on a state of the art solution. It involves the coupling of an Eulerian meteorological model (RAMS) with LSPM. The meteorological model is responsible to provide meteorological input to LSPM at each grid point and at each time step. This computational technique was used to simulate a hypothetical accident at a proposed site for Nuclear Power Plant. The meteorological output of the modeling system was compared with observed values. The comparison proved the efficacy and reliance of the approach. This computationally intensive but effective strategy is quite capable of supporting a real time decision making system for tackling nuclear emergency.