Liver plays an important role in lipid metabolism and any acute or chronic malfunction of the liver due to viral hepatitis or liver cirrhosis may induce lipid derangements Objective: To determine the patterns of deranged lipid profiles in patients of chronic hepatitis C Methods: It is a prospective, observational study, conducted at Medicine Department, Mayo Hospital Lahore for 6 months i.e.1stJanuary to 30th June 2018. After the ethical approval, 160 diagnosed cases of chronic hepatitis C of ages 18-70 years of either gender were selected by non-probability purposive sampling. Informed written consent was taken. Demographic information such as name, age and gender were recorded. Venous blood samples from patients after 10 to 14 hours of fasting were drawn for lipid profiles and sent to pathology laboratory. All results were expressed as mg/dl. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 22 Results: Out of 160 patients in this study, there were 94 males and 66 females. Total cholesterol was lower in 62.5% patients, normal in 33.75% patients and higher in 3.75% patients. Triglycerides levels were low in 66.25%, normal in 33.125%, and high in 0.625% patients. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were low in 82.5% patients, normal in 10% and raised in 7.5% patients. High density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were low in 95%, normal in 4.375% & high in 0.625% patients Conclusions: Low levels of serum lipids including total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and HDL are seen in population suffering from chronic HCV infection.
Food safety is a major public concern worldwide. During the past few decades, the increasing environmental pollution has stimulated research regarding the risk associated with contamination of food commodities by pesticides, heavy metals and toxins. Heavy metals enter into the food supply chain by direct contact or by irrigation of soil with contaminated water. The presence of heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni in dietary components is a matter of concern that indicated the need for continuous monitoring. In the present study the levels of concentration of toxic heavy metals in water (drinking and sewage contaminated water), soil and milk, meat, and vegetables collected from market as well as those grown in farmers’ fields that are irrigated with sewage contaminated water in the urban and rural Peshawar, NWFP, Pakistan were studied. The mean concentration of lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni) in sewage contaminated water in sector A were 18.1, 104.8, 1.3, 4.9, 1.5 and 5.9 times higher and in sector B were 12.9, 133.9, 1.8, 7.2, 2.7 and 5.6 folds higher than handpump water respectively. The concentration of these toxic heavy metals in sewage contaminated water of sector A were 31.6, 261.9, 2.5, 11.6, 3.6 and 29.9 times higher than tube well water and in sector B were 16.9, 288.4, 2.7, 12.3, 6.1 and 30.7 folds higher respectively. The concentrations of heavy metals in handpump water of the two sectors were significantly higher than in deep tube water. Pb concentration in handpump water of the two sectors was significantly different at p < 0.01.The levels of concentration of Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni in tube well water of sector A were 0.028, 0.040, 0.006, 0.035, 0.045 and 0.015 mg kg -1 and in sector B were 0.062,0.052, 0.009, 0.055, 0.054 and 0.020 mg kg –1 respectively. The concentration of Pb and Cu in the tube well water of the two sectors were significantly different at p < 0.05. The mean concentration of ammonium bi-carbonate diethylenetramine penta acetic acid(AB- DTPA) extractable Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni in soil of sector A were 3.4, 8.7, 2.3, 7.8, 4.8 and 9.7 times higher than in soil irrigated with tube well water in sector C and in sector B were 4.5, 15.0, 3.5, 14.2, 7.3 and 15.9 fold higher than in sector C. Total concentration of these heavy metals in the soil ofsector A were 2.0, 3.2, 2.6, 3.7, 5.9 and 3.0 times higher and in sector B were 2.1, 4.2, 3.3, 4.4, 4.6 and 3.5 fold higher than in soil of sector C. The extractable concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn and Ni were significantly different at p < 0.05 and Cd was non significantly different in soil of the two sectors A and B. Total concentration of Cr, Cd and Ni were significantly different and Pb, Cu and Zn were non significantly different in the two sectors. The concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni in the edible parts of spinach, cabbages and tomatoes were regressed against the total concentrations of toxic heavy metals. Statistically significant correlations of total concentration of heavy metals in soils and those of AB- DTPA extractable concentration were found. The average levels of concentration of Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni in the vegetables (spinach, cabbages and tomatoes) grown in the soil irrigated with sewage contaminated water of sector A were 1.9, 2.6, 2.4, 1.3, 2.1 and 1.4 times higher and in sector B were 2.8, 4.8, 2.7, 1.2, 2.5 and 1.6 folds higher than their concentration in sector C. The mean concentrations of Pb in spinach and cabbages of sectors A versus B differ significantly at P < 0.05, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni were non significantly different. The concentrations of Cr, Cu in tomatoes of sector A differ significantly from sector B and Pb, Cd, Zn and Ni differ non significantly. The results of linear regression analysis indicated that concentration of Pb and Cr in spinach of the three sectors A, B, C were significantly negatively correlatedwith total concentration of Pb and Cr in soil and Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni were significantly positively correlated (R2 = 0.620 - 0.994) with total concentration in the soil. The transfer factor (TF) of Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni was high in spinach of sector C compared to the other two sectors although the AB-DTPA extractable concentration was lower in soil. In cabbages, TF of Cd was high in sectors A and B and in tomatoes, TF of these heavy metals in sector A and B were higher than in sector C. To measure the levels of toxic heavy metals contamination of vegetables, meat and milk in Peshawar markets, twelve types of vegetables frequently consumed in the region were analyzed for Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni. The data reflect the potential of some vegetables to accumulate heavy metals which is apparent in vegetables with large surfaces area e.g spinach which contain higher amount of lead. The concentration of Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn and Ni were 0.19- 2.01, 0.19- 0.86, 0.01- 0.94, 1.43- 24.60, 5.9- 40.6 and 2.14- 4.51 mg kg-1 respectively. In meat, the concentration of these toxic heavy metals ranged from 0.038- 0.097, 0.011- 0.049, 0.012- 0.053, 1.63- 3.55 and 22.96- 67.81 mg Kg-1 for Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu and Zn. The mean concentration of these heavy metals in milk was 0.55, 0.04, 0.2, 1.01 and 6.59 units for Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu and Zn respectively. Pb concentration was above the permissible level in milk.