مسائل میراث حل کرنے کے قدیم اور جدید حسابی طریقوں کا تقابلی جائزہ

Inheritance is a key issue in the Islamic Knowledge base. Its importance has been clarified in Qur’an and Sunnah. The Holy Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) has referred to it as half of the knowledge and has ordered of seeking inheritance and warned that this will be eliminated first from my Ummah, and also notified that this is volatile nature of knowledge which get lost after memorization if not fully cared and practiced. In the light of above mentioned Hadīths it is worth consideration to make knowledge of Inheritance practicable in everyday life. A reason could be that the arithmetic means used for the solution of Inheritance problems is complicated and time consuming. There it is important to introduce such easy and short arithmetic rules for the solution of Inheritance problem that are easily understandable by both the scholars as well as the common man. This will result in making Inheritance easy to handle and hence will become practicable. In a hadith it is stated that near the day of judgement there will be a conflict between two persons in an Inheritance issue and they will not find a scholar to resolve their problem. In this Article an Introduction and comparison of old and new easy arithmetic principles are made in scholarly manner to introduce new easy methods and draw the attention of the people to such a valuable knowledge and relieve the Phobia of the people regarding it.

Exploring English Language Teachers Elts Professional Development in Pakistan: Cases from Hunza and Karachi

In this study, I explored the professional development of two teachers of English in two different contexts of Pakistan. In this fast paced world, to learn modern techniques for teaching and learning English, PD plays a significant role in enhancing pedagogical skills, content knowledge, and shaping the behavior of teachers. It is also important for enhancing the learning of teachers and achievements of students in schools which leads to transformation of schools. Thus, this study aimed to concentrate on exploring the PD of teachers of English in two different contexts (Hunza and Karachi) of Pakistan. To conduct this study, I used qualitative research with a case-study design. In addition, to get deeper insights into ELTs' learning experience I have analyzed the stories of two ELTs using auto/biographical approach. Furthermore, cross-case analysis is used to identify the emerging issues in both contexts (Hunza and Karachi) and identify the gap (similarities and differences) between PD trainings of ELTs in both contexts. The study was conducted with a teacher of English, in a private English medium school, Karachi and myself as a participant from Hunza. Semi-structured interview guide, reflective journal, ELTs' auto/biography and informal talks were used to generate data. To analyze data, some key themes emerged in relation to the process of achieving PD as ELTs and out of these themes stories were generated about the journey of teachers of English. In addition, the result from the two different cases revealed that both ELTs have unique ways of learning during the journey of PD. Applying the cross-case analysis revealed the resemblances and variances between the PD of the two teachers of English. The key findings that emerged from analyses of data were self-motivation, in-service learning (formal and informal opportunities) and support of family for professional development of teachers of English.