The study was carried out in Dir Kohistan Valley; district Dir Upper of the Province, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, to explore the flora of Taxo-ethnobotanical potential and estimation of Antimicrobial activities of selected medicinal plants of the area. It is the first attempt to document the Taxo-ethnobotanical survey in the selected area. About 458 angiosperm species were recorded, which consists of 98 families and 291 genera. The study was also extended to the flora of Gymnosperm which is represented by 3 families with 11 species of 8 genera, among them 9 species is indigenous and 2 species were exotic in the study area. A total of 469 species of both Angiosperms and Gymnosperms were collected. The ethnobotanical study identified that these species are for 46 different uses. The major uses of 144 plant species were calculated. Among them 94 plants were used as medicine; 50 fodder; 35 fuel wood, wild fruits and hay fodder, 20 species each, 19 pot herb; 18 fence, furniture and utensils, 11 species each, shade tree, ornamental, hedge plant and agricultural tools, 10 species each, 9 soil binder, construction, packing/ roping and poison, 7 species each, wind break, spice/flavoring agent, 6 species each, dye and fish poison 4 species each, bee attractants, smoking medicine, stick/handles, cushion plant, miswak, green pesticide, graveyard things, Incense/perfume and beverage 3 species each, wood carving, fishing checks, snuff ash, dry fruits, timber, soil reclamation and soil fertilizer 2 species each, torch wood, Ink, paper, granary/basketry, beads, resin, root stock, charcoal and brooms 01 species each of herbs, shrubs and trees in nature. The part used data shows that mostly the whole plant, leaves, fruit, roots and stem were in common use. After the extensive ethnobotanical survey, 25 plants were selected for anti-bacterial investigation, due to the reason that the local people commonly used these plants for various ailments. Out of 25 selected plants 13 showed anti-bacterial activity, while the remaining 12 were inactiveX against bacteria. There are some high valued medicinal plants species like Taxus wallichiana, Aconitum heterophyllum, Pinus gerardiana, Betula utilis and some other ethnobotanically important plants species which are near to extinction, because of various types of risk. It is required to conserve their germplasm in the area, to protect these valuable plants.
احسان اﷲ ثاقب(۱۹۴۲ء۔۲۰۱۴ء) پسرور میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ معروف رومانوی شاعری فاخر ہریانوی کے بیٹے ہیں- اعلی تعلیم حاصل کرنے کے بعد محکمہ تعلیم میں ملازمت اختیار کی۔ (۹۸۲)آپ کا ایک شعری مجموعہ ’’شہرِ غزل‘‘ کے نام سے معراج پر نٹرز لاہورسے ۲۰۰۶ء میں شائع ہوا۔ اس کے علاوہ کچھ شعری مسودات ہیں جو شائع نہیں ہو سکے۔ احسان اﷲ ثاقب غزل گو شاعر ہیں۔ ان کا اردو ادب میں بڑا کارنامہ یہ ہے کہ انھوں نے اپنے شعری مجموعے ’’شہرِ غزل‘‘ میں بیس بحور کے چھیاسی اوزان میں بڑی خوبصورتی سے طبع آزمائی کی ہے۔ آج ارد وشاعری میں کوئی قدآور شاعر بھی اتنی تعداد میں بحور اور اوزان میں شعر نہیں کہہ سکا ہے۔ انھوں نے ایک نئی بحر کا بھی اضافہ کیا ہے۔ جسے انھوں نے ’’بحرِ مترنم‘‘ کانام دیا ہے۔ یہ بحر تمام عروضی تقاضوں کو پورا کرتی ہے۔
حوصلہ مندی ،بلند فکری ،اخلاقیات، پیارو محبت،سماجی شعور اور توحید احسان اﷲ ـثاقب کی شاعری کے اہم موضوعات ہیں۔ اس حوالے سے نمونہ کلام ملاحظہ ہو:
Media often hypes the basic facts or information and presents them so as to increase the superficial appeal of things. The negative effects of media are seen in terms of media changing the people’s outlook on life. Media have changed the cultural and moral values of society. A majority of the audiences believe in what is depicted by the media. The negative effects of media in particular on children are manifested in terms of their changing mental set-up and the declining quality of their lifestyle. The media that is easily accessible to even small children exposes them to things they need not know and will not understand. This article explains deeply about the Negative effects of media on Society.
Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are replacing induction motors because of their better performance in industrial applications. Due to the availability of fast DSP processors now-a-days complex control algorithms can be implemented efficiently. In conventional-drive circuits the six-switch inverter ruled for a long time because of the ease of its control; however, a four-switch inverter provides the cost effective efficient replacement. The dynamic model of a machine provides an insight into the dynamics of its operation and control. A PMSM has been modeled in Matlab Simulink in different frames of references and the model has been validated under different operating conditions. The space-vector algorithm of a six- switch three-phase inverter has been modified for the control of a four-switch three-phase inverter (FSTPI) by establishing the symmetry between the voltage space-vector planes of both inverters. A FSTPI exhibits the current-unbalancing problem because of the unbalanced voltage distribution across the capacitor. The current-unbalancing issue has been resolved by introducing a ‘duty waveform drift’ method. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been used to optimize the performance of a four-switch inverter. The detailed modeling of the space-vector technique for both the conventional and four-switch inverters has been presented. A PWM rectifier has been implemented using sinusoidal pulse width modulation and space vector pulse modulation to ensure that the drive maintains unity input power factor. A modified optimized space-vector algorithm, used for the inverter operation, has been introduced in the control of PWM rectifiers to ensure the best computational performance. There exist a number of control techniques for a PMSM: direct-torque control (DTC) and field- oriented control (FOC) have been investigated in detail for the proposed four-switch inverter. The flux, torque, speed and current controller designs for both the DTC and FOC are presented in detail and have been implemented on Texas Instruments’ digital signal processors using Matlab Simulink’ code generation facility. Because of the ANN based modules the designed digital system presents precise and accurate speed, current, flux and torque tracking with four- switch space-vector modulator up to 30-kHz sampling frequency. The ANN has reduced the implementation'' complexity of the speed and position estimator. The initial rotor-position detection has also been incorporated while collecting the data for the training of ANNs. The results have been presented for evaluating the performance of a controller with the proposed four-switch inverter and ANN based estimators.