This thesis attempts to update the taxonomic knowledge of the grass family Poaceae inhabiting in the Potohar region of Pakistan. The present studies were conducted during 2007 -2012 in the taxonomy lab of Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad. Taxonomic studies of four subfamilies comprising 10 tribes, 36 genera and 52 species of Poaceae have been completed from Potohar. The genus Cenchrus, Eragrostis, Setaria and Poa each have 3 species from this area. Paniceae and Andropogoneae are the largest tribes represented by 16 and 10 species respectively. All other tribes contain less than 10 species. The present work describes morphological, palynological and anatomical variations in grasses and their potential in resolving relationship at subfamilies, tribal, generic and species levels. Different exomorphic characters like height of culm, length of ligule, leaf sheath and various other aspects of leaf, while reproductive characters like type of inflorescence, length of glumes, nerves on glumes and other features are helpful to identify plants at generic and specific level. It is the first time that a comprehensive study of grasses of Potohar region is conducted from taxonomic point of view. Additional characters have also been studied such as shape, length and width of caryopsis and length of stigma and anther. The objective of the study was to assess the potential of grass features in the area and to identify and classify the grasses on the basis of morphological, anatomical and palyonological features and their palatability status with the help of local peoples and personal observations of area. Palyonological studies showed that pollens in grasses are monad, spheroidal to sub spheroidal, prolate to sub prolate, circular to triangular to inter semi angular, monoporate and psilate. Pollen sculpturing is verrucate or scabrate. Exine thickness ranged from 0.8 micrometer to 1.5 micrometer. Pollen characters in some tribes like paniceae are helpful to differentiate taxa at genera and species level. The study was conducted with light microscope and scanning electron microscope. Leaf epidermal studies showed variations at the species, genus and tribe level. Taxonomically interesting correlations and differences were observed in different genera and tribes. Problematic species like Pennisetum orientale that is confused with Cenchrus ciliaris, can be differentiated by the presence of short cells with rounded papillae, which are absent in Cenchrus species. Different type and occurrence of microhairs helps to distinguish different xxii tribe .e.g. Panicoideae. In Enneapogon persicus of the tribe Pappophoreae special type of macrohairs with narrow stalk cell are seen that are absent in other tribes of subfamily Chloridoideae. In Andropogoneae and Paniceae, a variety of silica bodies is seen. Bicellular microhairs with thin walled distal cells are observed in tribe paniceae and andropogoneae. Most of the species belonging to tribes of subfamily Pooideae are distinct in having numerous long cells with straight walls to differentiate it from other tribes of subfamily.
میں نے دکتور محمود سے کہا کہ پاکستان میں مختلف زبانوں اور رسم و رواج کے لوگ آباد ہیں ۔اس لیے وہاں ایک نہیں بلکہ کئی طرح کے رقص ملتے ہیں ۔پنجاب میں بھنگڑا ،لڈی ،سمی اور گدا وغیرہ شا مل ہیں۔ اسی طرح بلوچی چاپ ،جھومر اور لیوا رقص کرتے ہیں۔سندھی تہذیب میں دھمال اور ہو جمالو کا بہت زیادہ رواج ہے چونکہ سندھ صوفیا کی سر زمین ہے اس لیے ان کے مزاروں پر دھمال ڈالی جاتی ہے ۔جس میں وجد کی حالت میں مدھم سروں پر رقص کیا جا تا ہے ۔اس طرح پختونخواہ میں اتن خٹک اور چترالی و گلگتی رقص کو رواج ہے ۔خٹک رقص تلواروں کے ساتھ کیا جاتا ہے ۔ دکتور محمود نے کہا عرب میں بھی تلواروں کے ساتھ رقص کیا جاتا ہے ۔میں نے کہاجی بالکل میں نے سعودی شاہ سلمان کے ساتھ امریکی صدر ڈونلڈ ٹرمپ کو یہ رقص کرتے دیکھا ہے ۔اس پر دکتور محمود نے خوب قہقہہ لگایا کہنے لگے اس میں ٹرمپ وہی لگ رہے تھے جس کا ذکر آپ کے مرشد یوسفی نے لغت میں دیکھا تھا۔
میں نے دکتور محمود کو مخاطب کیا کہ آپ کو معلوم ہے پاکستان کے شمال میں کیلاش قوم آباد ہے جو بالکل منفرد تہذیب اور الگ تھلگ بود باش کے لوگ ہیں ۔ان کی خواتین خوبصورت زرق برق لباس زیب تن کیے سروں پر خوبصورت مالا پروئے ٹوپیاں پہنے ، کندھے سے کندھا ملائے ڈھول کی تھاپ کے ساتھ مدھم انداز میں ٹواینڈ فرو موشن میں رقص کرتے ہیں ، مگر حیرت کی بات یہ ہے کہ جب یہ لوگ اپنے مردے دفناتے ہیں تب اس رقص کا خوب اہتمام کیا جاتا ہے ۔اس نے حیرت سے پوچھا کہ تدفین کے وقت...
Tort law is an umbrella term for laws which cover issues of civil wrongs like defamation, trespassing and the other actions involving violation of law. In case a person has undergone a physical, legal or any economic harm then he can file a suit under the tort law. Torts are civil wrongs recognized by law as grounds for a lawsuit. It is also generally known that tort in Islamic fiqh as “Jinayet”. This paper attempts to analys by Islamic law in thel light of the relevant verses for the Qur’an followed by the rules stated in traditions from the Prophet (Peace by on him). Jinayat the part of Shari’a that applies to homicide or physical injury is called jinayat and is based on the pre-Islamic rules of Arab blood feud, as modified by Prophet (Peace be on him). The punishment is either retaliation or blood money (diyat). Retaliation occurs only upon the request of the victim, if alive, or his nearest kin if the victim is dead, and is to be inflicted by victim or kin. In the case of homicide retaliation means death, in the case of injury it means imposing an identical injury. Where retaliation is one of the options, the victim or his closest kinsman may demand blood money instead, or negotiate an out of court settlement. Jinayat, like modern tort law, is based on private action; there is no official responsible for initiating the case.
Functional approach to language illustrates the role a language plays in the text indicating its context as meaning making and action undertaking process. Otherwise, language studies without functional approach either describe ‘code’ or ‘behaviour’ separately whatever directed. However, Systemic Functional Linguistics/Grammar (SFG) is aimed to analyse meaning and function with ‘code’ and ‘behaviour’ together. This approach, taken from Halliday’s SFG, was applied focusing lexicogrammar and semantic role play of language. Mood clause and other elements were analysed under lexicogrammar category of text structure, whereas, modality was explored under semantic meaning making resource. The SFG framework was applied qualitatively on the two selected Pakistani English novels Mohammad Hanif’s ‘A Case of Exploding Mangoes’ and Mohsin Hamid’s ‘The Reluctant Fundamentalist’. In addition, quantitative method was applied for simple quantification of data occurrence and the word choice. It was found by the analysis of mood clause structure that the language is less interactive and more rhetoric expression of the fact revealing (see mood analysis in appendix A-D). It is primarily recounting the events and inclined much towards giving information. Language, from the perspective of SFG, is based on exchange of information and goods-&-services either by demanding or by giving in speech function. In the perspective, this study found that the overall text of both the novels is mainly tending to ‘giving information’ and scarcely having ‘demanding information’ or ‘goods-&-services’ which are the characteristics of dialogic pattern of a text in novel genre. Similar to mood structure, the choice of modality pattern was also found that the discourse is also based on belief in its own knowledge and personal judgement as it plays the role of informer by the language play. Based on the formulations and findings, conclusion and recommendations were offered at the end of the study.