The leafhopper fauna contributed in present work contains both Palaearctic elements e.g. from Iran and Afghanistan and Oriental elements e.g. from India, together with a desert fauna that extends from Pakistan, Tharparkar to W. Africa. All elements can be recognized in the present work together with several cosmopolitan genera and species. All the collected specimens were carefully studied and compared with the types present in the Natural History Museum, London, Zoological Museum University of Karachi and pertinent literature. Present work constitutes five subfamilies: Deltocephalinae, Typhlocybinae, Megophthalminae, Cicadellinae and Idiocerinae. A total of 92 genera and 201 species of Cicadellidae are updated from the region including 3 new species, 32 new records 19 synonymies and 4 new combinations: Deltocephalinae with 31 genera, 57 species, 2 new species, 28 new records, 16 new synonyms and 4 new combinations; Megophthalminae with 5 genera, 10 species, 4 new records; Typhlocybinae with 51 genera, 126 species and 1 new synonym; Cicadellinae with 1 genus and 2 species and Idiocerinae with 5 genera, 6 species, 1 new species and 2 new synonyms. From Tandojam in total 30 genera and 44 species of leafhoppers are studied. Notes are provided for the new species previously described from Pakistan and for other genera and species from the region that are recorded here. Forty nine species are figured and imaged; Images of some type specimens from BMNH are given. Key to the subfamilies, tribes, genera and species are also provided. The checklist is provided for all five subfamilies; all are updated only with verified species from literature and present collection. Distribution table of Deltocephalinae is divided into 6 groups: Cosmopolitan (Old and New World), S. Palaearctic and Old World tropics, S. Palaearctic and Pakistan, Endemic to Pakistan, Oriental and Oriental & Pacific. The measurements in millimetre is provided for all figured specimens. Reassessment of the past work as presented here seems appropriate and will provide a good framework for future taxonomic work.
ماہ گزشتہ کا سب سے بڑا علمی حادثہ جناب مولانا رشید احمد صاحب سالم انصاری کی وفات ہے، مرحوم نے تقریباً بیس پچیس برس مسلسل ہماری زبان کی خدمت کی۔ عربی و فارسی کے وہ لائق ادیب تھے، ان کا علمی شوق و ذوق فطری تھا۔ ان کی زندگی کا اکثر حصہ مطالعہ اور کتب بینی میں صرف ہوتا تھا، قلمی کتابوں کی تلاش اور جستجو میں انہوں نے ہندوستان کا گوشہ گوشہ چھان ڈالا تھا۔ آخر میں ذی الحجہ ۱۳۴۰ھ میں جب علی گڑھ میں خاکسار اُن سے ملنے گیا تو ان کو بستر مرگ پر پایا اور یہی ان کا مرض الموت تھا، اس عالم میں بھی جتنی دیر ان کے پاس بیٹھنے کا اتفاق ہوا وہ علمی تذکرے کرتے رہے اور جہانگیر نامہ کے ایک قلمی نسخہ کو بڑی محنت سے ترتیب دیا تھا، اس کی اشاعت کا تذکرہ کرتے رہے۔ اردو مترجمات میں المدینۃ والاسلام، النصرانیۃ والاسلام، کتاب التوحید، الفوز الکبیر، وغیرہ مفید تالیفات یادگار چھوڑی ہیں، ترک موالات کے سلسلہ میں مرحوم علی گڑھ کالج چھوڑ کر جامعہ ملیہ میں چلے آئے تھے اور یہیں سے رخصت ہوئے، خدا مغفرت ارزائی فرمائے۔
Digital Cards in banking and non banking sector have been widely used and legally accepted in the world today. They are not only safe and secure for business transactions but also easy to use. This new phenomena has raised many questions for Muslim jurists and Islamic legal scholars as whether or not their transactions are sharīʿah compliant. This paper attempts to study this new phenomenon and analyze the juristic literature in order to explain the Islamic legal status of the utilization of these cards.
Sheep production in Pakistan has an imperative socio-economic impact on the small holder rural farmers. Gastro-intestinal (GI) parasitic infections in sheep cause a substantial loss in terms of productivity and constitute serious economic losses in the world. In parasitized sheep, reductions in immunity to fight against endo-parasites might be attributable to mineral deficiencies. Trace elements including Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co), Manganese (Mn) and Zinc (Zn) were determined in (a) sera of sheep, (b) preferred flora and (c) respective soil samples of district Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan during Autumn 2014 and Spring, 2015. Associative analysis was made between the serum concentrations of the study elements and quantitative worm burden. To this end, a total of 384 grazing sheep were randomly selected for collection of blood and faecal samples as per the standard protocols. An appropriate number of plants/ forages and soil samples were also collected. The sera, plant and soil samples were subjected to pre-treatment (digestion) required for the determination of trace element profile through atomic absorption spectrophotometery. Overall prevalence of GI parasites was 32.55% and 32.81% in district Sialkot during Autumn and Spring, respectively. Variable age and breed showed non-significant results while, sex was found significant during both seasons. Concentration of selected trace elements was significantly (P > 0.05) varied in analyzed forages; however, mean concentration of only Cu in forages collected from different tehsils varied significantly (P < 0.05) during Spring. A non-significant (P > 0.05) variation among soil trace elements was found in different tehsils of Sialkot district during both seasons. Concentration of all selected trace elements except Co in serum showed significant (P < 0.05) results among tehsils of district Sialkot during Spring while, only Zn in serum showed significant (P < 0.05) results during Autumn. Mean concentrations of Zn, Co and Cu during Autumn and Zn and Cu during Spring in serum was found inversely proportional to the mean egg per gram of sheep in all the three tehsils of Sialkot district. Forages containing high concentrations of Zn and Cu can be used effectively against GI parasites. Grazing of animals in rangelands containing trace elements rich forages increase the resilience against parasitic infections particularly in resource poor countries like Pakistan.