Medicinal use of plants is as old as the history of mankind. Medicinal plants have the ability to produce valuable classes of compounds with interesting bioactivities. Due to increasing side effects of synthetic drugs, use of medicinal plants is increasing day by day. Pakistan has about 6000 species of higher plants, of which about 700 species are commonly used for medicinal purposes. Taxonomic, Phytochemical and Biological Screening of Some Selected Medicinal Plants of Lesser Himalaya Pakistan was carried out to determine the accurate taxonomic description, complete phytochemical profile and bioactivity of selected medicinal plants. Four medicinal plants, Spermadictyon suaveolens, Reinwardtia indica, Xylosma longifolium and Celtis eriocarpa were selected based upon ethnomedicinal importance and their least phytochemical exploration. Selected plants were analyzed for taxonomic evaluation, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening, proximate analysis, biological activities and LC-MS profiling. R. indica was also analyzed for isolation of phytochemicals. Selected plants were extracted with cold maceration and fractionated in n-Hexane fraction (HF), chloroform fraction (CF), ethyl acetate fraction (EF) and aqueous fraction (AF). Preliminary phytochemical tests revealed the presence of high amount of phenolics and flavonoids in all four plants. R. indica contains high amount of phenolic, flavonoid, tannin, terpenoids and low amounts of alkaloids and saponins. C. eriocarpa contains high amount of phenolic, flavonoid, tannin and terpenoids, while low amount of saponins. S. suaveolens contains high amount of phenolics, flavonoids and tannins. X. 1 2 longifolium contains high amount of phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins, while low amount of terpenoids and saponins. Proximate analysis revealed that X. longifolium contains high amount of dry matter (90.30±0.14), low moisture content (9.70±0.14), high fiber, carbohydrates and nutritive values (353.66±0.70). R. indica and X. longifolium showed higher total phenolic contents. High total flavonoid content was found in crude methanolic extract (65.90±1.00) and ethyl acetate fraction (88.01±1.33) of R. indica. Total flavonoid content is also higher in chloroform (74.81±1.58) and ethyl acetate fraction (79.84±0.80) of X. longifolium. R. indica showed higher antioxidant, cytotoxic and antitumor activities in crude methanolic extract, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions. The highest DPPH EC50 value was exhibited by ethyl acetate fraction (119.64±0.58) followed by crude methanolic extract (209.00±1.53). Chloroform fraction of R. indica also showed higher antitumor IC50 (255.90±0.97), followed by ethyl acetate fraction (297.663±0.91). C. eriocarpa showed higher antioxidant (324.81±2.60), cytotoxic (243.61±1.24) and antitumor (372.76.±0.34) activities only in ethyl acetate fraction. S. suaveolens revealed higher antioxidant activity in ethyl acetate fraction (149.15±0.59) followed by Chloroform fraction (208.13±1.78). X. longifolium showed higher antioxidant activity in crude methanolic extract (107.21±0.16) followed by ethyl acetate fraction (152.96±0.43) and chloroform fraction (187.95±0.26). X. longifolium also showed high cytotoxic and antitumor activity in EF (484.19±1.55 and 235.41±1.51 respectively). UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS profiling yielded identification of 58 compounds in R. indica, 48 compounds in C. eriocarpa, 50 compounds in S. suaveolens and 60 compounds in X. longifolium. LC-MS profile and bioactivity revealed that bioactivity 3 of R. indica extracts is mainly due to phenolic acids and flavones derivates, C. eriocarpa is due to flavones derivatives, S. suaveolens is due to phenolic acids, Quercetin and luteolin derivatives, while X. longifolium is due to Quercetin, naringenin and apigenin derivatives. UHPLC-MS profile also revealed that S. suaveolens and X. longifolium are rich in Quercetin derivatives. Based upon promising results of bioactivities of R. indica it was selected for compound isolation. Two compounds, Diferuloyl sinapic acid and Esculin were isolated for the first time from R. indica. The present research was very helpful in determining the underlying phytochemical profile and bioactivity correlation of selected medicinal plants.
جہلم دا سفر دل آکھے میں جہلم جانا ’’ڈھوک رجو‘‘ جا درشن پانا بس ٹر گئی یار قبولے پئی دیندی پیار دے جھولے میں جانا عشق سکولے میں تے ربا کرم کمانا بس آ گئی عارف والے سانوں مل گئے دیس نکالے جنھاں عشق دے دیوے بالے اگے جا کے موج منانا بس آ گئی ساہیوال میرا پیر بڑا لجپال دیندا دل دے دیوے بال میرے دل نوں نور بنانا بس آ گئی شہر اوکاڑے کیویں پائے عشق پواڑے گھر کتنے ایس اُجاڑے سانوں خیر دیدار دا پانا بس آ گئی شہر لاہور چلے دل تے نہ کوئی زور اوہدی دید نوں پاوے شور دل دے کے یار منانا
بس آ گئی گجرانوالہ نہیں عشق دا پندھ سوکھالا ساڈا اللہ اے رکھوالا پردیس چ نہ گھبرانا
بس آ گئی وچ گجرات ساڈے نال ہووے گل وات سانوں دے سجناں اک جھات ساڈے دل دا شوق ودھانا
بس آ گئی اے وچ کھاریاں اساں بڑیاں واجاں ماریاں سن سجناں ساڈیاں زاریاں سانوں در تے آپ بلانا بس ’’عالم گیر سرائے‘‘ اساں یار دے نیڑے آئے ساڈے نین بڑے ترہائے سانوں سوہنا مکھ وکھانا
بس اپڑی جہلم اڈے اسیں بھیڑے کم سب چھڈے ساڈے لیکھ ہوئے اج وڈے اساں جہلم وقت لنگھانا
پھڑ ویگن گئے سنگوئی اسیں کلے، نال نہ کوئی لاہ مکھ توں سجناں لوئی اساں ول ول درشن پانا
اسیں ’’ڈھوک رجو‘‘ وچ آئے ساتھے رب نے کرم کمائے اسیں قادریؔ! درشن پائے دل آکھے ، مڑ نہیں جانا
Peaceful coexistence is a major challenge in a multi-ethnic region like the Midwest. After the creation of the region in 1963, ethnic distrust dominated the region's body politics. The Biafran invasion of Midwest remained one invent that heightened ethnic distrust in the region. Although, scholars have examined the invasion, the need to re-examine it arises from the fact that the event made ethnic antagonism among the groups in the region more intense than ever before. It is against this backdrop that this paper examines the Biafran invasion of Midwest and its implications on inter-group relations in the region. Relying on primary and secondary sources, the paper is of the opinion that the intense group antagonism and suspicion emanated from the fact that the Biafran incursion into Midwest caused division among the groups in the region. The groups that were loyal to the Nigerian Government opposed the groups that supported Biafra. The paper further argues that the ethnic tension was also as a result of the assumption by the non-Igbo groups in the region that Biafrans were in the region to promote the interest of the Igbo groups.
Avian coccidiosis has generally been controlled by using anticoccidial drugs as feed additives. Emergence of resistant Eimeria strains, however,has been reported due to frequent use of anticoccidial drugs. Alternatives to anticoccidial drugs have, therefore, been focus of the researchers to control this disease. Use of botanicals has been reported as a promising alternative in this regard. Therfore this experiment was, conducted using chickens to evaluate the anticoccidial and immunomodulatory activity of aqueous methanolic extracts (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg b.wt.) of three plants Beta vulgaris (roots),Pinus radiata (bark) and Carica papaya (seeds) using standard procedures. Though, not at par with reference drug (Baycox), all the plant materials demonstrated good anticoccidial activity based on selected criteria, i.e., chick survival percentage, , fecal and oocyst scores, oocysts per gram of feces, feed conversion ratio, lesion scores. Likewise, all the plant materials exhibited immunomodulatory activity against avian coccidia in chickens based on the given criteria, i.e., cell mediated (Phytohemagglutinin-P, Concanavalin-A, Dinitrochlorobenzene and Carbon clearance assay) and humoral immunity (hemagglutination test). Graded dose response was recorded among all plant materials. Results of organ weight, blood and serum profile of infected chicks revealed no adverse effects of aqueous methanolic extracts of plant materials on the experimental chickens. On the whole, Carica papaya (seeds) ranked first followed by Pinus radiata (bark) and Beta vulgaris (roots) regarding their anticoccidial and immunomodulatory effects. Studies on larger scale using aqueous methanolic extracts following standard pharmacological procedures of the investigated plants are suggested.