Home > Th Spati He Io-Temp Poral Di Istribut Tion an Susta Nd Ainable Ma Anagem Ment of Jassid A J Amrasca Bigutt Ca Ttulabig Guttula a Homop Ptera: Cicadell Lidae O Brinj on Jal Sola Anum Me Elongen L. in Na Nthe Pun Njab, Pa Akistan
Th Spati He Io-Temp Poral Di Istribut Tion an Susta Nd Ainable Ma Anagem Ment of Jassid A J Amrasca Bigutt Ca Ttulabig Guttula a Homop Ptera: Cicadell Lidae O Brinj on Jal Sola Anum Me Elongen L. in Na Nthe Pun Njab, Pa Akistan
Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.), is the most important traditional and commercial vegetable in the Punjab, Pakistan. Jassid (Amrasca biguttula biguttulaL.)is a sucking pest of brinjal and has many host-crops, making an intensive vegetable production impossible. Study was conducted to determine spatio temporal distribution of jassid on the brinjal crop in the three sites (districts) i.e Faisalabad, Multan and Layyah during 2008. The population of jassid per leaf was counted on the weekly based and correlated with the weather factors. The highest level of population were maximum in Layyah (4.12/leaf), minimum in Multan (3.53/Leaf) and Faisalabad showed the intermediate development of the jassid population (3.89/leaf). The simple correlation showed that maximum, minimum and average temperature of all three areas viz Faisalabad, Multan and Layyah showed the positive and highly significant correlation with jassid. The relative humidity of Faisalabad was significant but negative correlation and its rain fall has negative but non significant correlation. While district Multan and Layyah both showed the negative and non-significant correlation with the relative humidity and rain fall. Next study was experimented in 2009 and 2010 in the field area of Post Graduate Agricultural Research Station (PARS) University of Agriculture, Faisalabad for initial screening on 14 varieties of brinjal which showed the significant and different results from each other. The experiments were laid in RCBD with the 3 replication. The data was taken at weekly based. The data was correlated with weather factors for the population fluctuation. In the initial screening trial during 2009, the data was highly significant between the genotypes, dates of observations. Minimum populations were present at the Rubi (1.43/leaf) which showed the resistance response and the maximum populations of jassid were showed at the Bemissal (3.38/leaf) which showed the susceptible response. In the final screening experiment during 2010 the all genotype mostly showed the same type of observation as in 2009. Bemissal (3.36/leaf) recorded the maximum jassid population and the minimum numbers of jassid were recorded to be 1.42/ leaf on Rubi. The fruit yield were recorded maximum in the Rubi (81.00kg/plot) which showed the resistance response and minimum was recorded in the Bemissal (44.66kg/plot) which showed the susceptible response during 2009. The different physio-morphic characters which were recorded during 2010 i.e Hair density, length of hairs on lamina midrib and vein leaves showed negative and significant correlation with pest population of jassid on brinjal. Similarly moister % and plant height showed the negative correlation but significant in moister and non significant in plant height. While leaf area, number of primary branches and thickness of leaf lamina showed the positive and significant correlation with the jassid population. Hair density on lamina showed 78.2% role in the fluctuation population of brinjal jassid. The all chemical plant characters showed significant diffractions between the selected varieties. nitrogen, lipids, potassium, reducing sugar, phosphorus, calcium zinc, ADF, Cellulose, NDF, and Crude Fat showed negative and significant correlation but potassium and phosphorus has non-significant correlation. Whereas Ash contents, crude protein, copper, magnesium, Lignin had significant and positive correlation with the jassid population. The different control methods were applied such as use of resistance variety (Rubi, a comparatively resistant variety), cultural control, Biological control, Botanical control and the chemical insecticide in PARS and AARI during 2011. The experiment was laid in RCBD with the four replications. The applications of the treatments were done 3 times. To get the yield, picking has been done seven times in season. A mixture of treatments (Cultural control + spray with Imidacloprid + Tobacco extract + surfactant) showed the most successful results with the minimum jassid population/leaf on brinjal. While minimum control was shown in the cultural control with the high population of jassid. The combination of cultural control+ spray with imidacloprid + Tobacco extract + surfactant showed maximum yield of on the brinjal (166kg/plot) and minimum was recorded in the cultural control (91.97kg/ha). Application of treatment T11 gave the highest Cost Benefit Ratio 1:79 as compared to all others treatments.
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
27:01 a. Ta. Sin. b. These are the Messages of The Divine Qur’an, and, a Clear Book.
27:02 a. It is a Guidance, and, b. a source of good news for the believers.
27:03 a. The believers are those who: - establish the Salat/Prayers, and - pay out the Zakat/annual charity, and - it is they who believe with certainty in the realm of the Hereafter.
27:04 a. Surely, as for those who do not believe in the realm of the Hereafter, b. WE have made their evil deeds appear enticing to them, c. so that they wander confused in their worldly lives.
27:05 a. It is they for whom is going to be an awful punishment, b. and it is they who are going to be the worst losers in the realm of the Hereafter.
27:06 a. And, for sure, you - O The Prophet – are receiving the Qur’an from the One WHO is All-Wise, All-Knowing.
27:07 a. And visualize the time when Moses said to his family: b. ‘I believe - I perceive a fire on the mountain. c. You wait here I will go and bring you some information from there, or at least a firebrand - so you may warm up yourselves.’
27:08 a. So when he came close to it, a Voice called out: b. ‘Blessed be WHOEVER is within the Fire, and whoever is around it!
Explanation of Hadith literature is a very significant academic contribution of Muhadditheen since the dawn of this sacred source. Sunan by Abu Dawod (d. 275 A.H.) has its well reputation in field Hadith codification and it has taken a perpetual attraction of Hadith scholars for its interpretation. Molana Saharanpuri (d.1927A.D.)is a famous sub continental Muslim scholar who contributed a voluminous interpretation titled ‘Bazl al-Majhood’ in which he comprehensively explores different aspect of Hadith. He has given an exploration of intellecttu-al solutions to various doubts and objection in very lucid way. The article has been rendered to focus on the same issue and intends to deal with the method-ology adopted by Saharanpuri while resolving the insinuations regarding Hadith literature.
Urbanization is an inevitable process of socioeconomic transformation from agrarian to urban economy—relying upon secondary, tertiary, quaternary or even quinary professions—following Fourastie’s envision from traditional to transitional and finally to tertiary societies. But, this inexorable phenomenon is not always bound to have same consequences as urbanization may either be balanced, lognormal, and broad-based in nature or it may evolve into lopsided, dysfunctional, and pseudo urbanization, which is the main argument of the study. The urbanization and the consequent urban settlement pattern have been dealt by two overarching theories, namely; modernization and world system/dependency theory. The modernization approach explains urbanization as an ongoing societal transformation from agrarian to urban occupations, and all countries follow this unilinear growth pattern, though with differential rates and timings. While, world system theory uncovers the competing interests of traditional and tertiary societies. Resultantly, due to unequal or oligopolistic terms of trade between the two, urban settlement pattern in most of the developing countries has emerged in the form of primate versus skeletal towns/regions. Unfortunately, both regions have suffered from these imbalanced terms of trade. At one end, the skeletal regions have been deprived of their due share from available resources and at the other end, primate regions have suffered from spiraling levels of congestions, crime, terrorism, environmental degradation, and poor urban governance. The study examines the validity and applicability of both theories by observing the urbanization process based on time series data for more than one hundred years in Punjab, Pakistan. Considering the existing institutional and policy framework in the province, the study analyzes urbanization trends using a number of urban settlement and regional analytical techniques such as rank size, rank mobility, and temporal rank order analysis, form ratio, compaction index, centrality functional index, beta index, network shape index, distance matrix and urban density analysis in the province. The study explores that the urbanization process in Punjab is steady and observing high urbanization growth rate—conforming to the modernization theory. The study further confirms that the observed patterns of urbanization are concentrated and the urban base has shrunken over the years—indicating signs of lopsided or pseudo urbanization— conforming to the presence of dependency conditions in the province. viiTouching upon overarching theoretical underpinnings, the study suggests a two pronged strategy to deal with the urban challenge in the province. At one end, the study recommends fostering urbanization process in the province to accommodate the layoff population of rural regions. As a one possible strategic intervention, it recommends to upgrade those villages into urban centers having suitably higher threshold values in terms of functional and population criteria. This strategic intervention is not only expected to augment the urbanization process in the province, but will also transform the existing lopsided urban settlement pattern into more broad-based and a balanced pattern in the province. At the other end, the study advocates to curtail the over accumulation of investments into large urban centers. Again, as one possible strategic intervention, the public sector investments may be redirected from large urban centers to skeletal towns and regions i.e., placing both primate and skeletal regions at their right place along the decentralization continuum. So, with this interplay of modernization and dependency urbanization processes, the existing urban settlement pattern may be transformed into an efficient, equitable, and ecologically balanced system—invigorating homogeneity, parity, and balance in the urban settlement pattern and for having optimal regional development in the province.