Home > The Application of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria As Biofertilizer for Cereal Crops Wheat, Rice and Maize of District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
The Application of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria As Biofertilizer for Cereal Crops Wheat, Rice and Maize of District Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
The present study was conducted to isolate and characterize Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) from the rhizosphere of cereal crops at Swat and to assess their impact on plant growth when used as inoculants. A total of 18 bacterial strains were isolated from roots and rhizosphere of cereal crops. On the basis of colony and cell morphology, 4 strains were identified as Azospirillum, 11 as Pseudomonas strains and three strains remained un-identified. With the exception of 3 strains, all isolates showed IAA production in pure culture. Three bacterial strains (Azospirillum brasilense strain R1, Azospirillum lipoferum strain RSWT1 and Pseudomonas strain Ky1) were used to inoculate two varieties of wheat (Inqilab 91 and Fakhre Sarhad), two varieties of rice (Fakhre Malakand and JP 5) and one variety of maize (Pahari) at two experimental sites in Swat (ARIN Mingora and Udigram). Among the bacterial strains tested in the present study, Azospirillum brasilense strain R1 was more effective in plant growth promotion than other strains for both wheat and rice varieties. Azospirillum lipoferum strain RSWT1 showed more positive response than other strains on the yield and growth of maize variety Pahari. The plant height of wheat variety Inqilab 91 was significantly increase up to 18.5 % with Azospirillum brasilense strain R1 as compared to non-inoculated control ones. The increase in plant height with Azospirillum lipoferum strain RSWT1 was 14.7 % and with Pseudomonas Ky1 9.6 %. The number of grains/spike, root and shoot weight and biological yield of the plants inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense strain R1, Azospirillum lipoferum strain RSWT1 and Pseudomonas Ky1 were significantly greater as compared to control treatment. In case of wheat variety Fakhre Sarhad, the inoculation strains also showed positive effects on the growth and yield. At ARIN Mingora, Swat, inoculation of rice variety Fakre Malakand with Azospirillum brasilense strain R1 increased the straw weight by 16.6 %, grain weight by 22.7 % over control. Inoculation of rice variety JP 5 with Azospirillum brasilense strain R1 showed 19 % increase in the straw weight and 39.5 % increase in the grain weight. At this experimental site, inoculation with Azospirillum lipoferum strain RSWT1 and Pseudomonas strain Ky1 increased grain weight by 4.8 – 13.5 % and 17.3 –18.5 % respectively of the rice varieties Fakre Malakand and JP5. At Udigram, Swat, inoculation of rice variety Fakre Malakand with Azospirillum brasilense strain R1 increased the straw weight by 14.2 % and grain weight by 22 % over control. In the rice variety JP 5, any significant beneficial effect of inoculation with Azospirillum lipoferum strain RSWT1 and Pseudomonas strain Ky1 was not observed whereas inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense strain R1 showed positive results of 15.5 % and 27.4 % increase over control in straw weight and grain weight respectively. The rice variety JP 5 was more responsive to the inoculated strains than rice variety Fakre Malakand. In case Of maize variety Pahari, plant height was significantly increase up to 8.82 % with Azospirillum lipoferum strain RSWT1 and with Azospirillum brasilense strain R1 up to 6.52% as compared to non-inoculated control ones. The number of ears/plant, number of grains/ear, number of leaves/plant and stem thickness and 1000 grain weight were significantly affected by bacterial inoculation.
4۔قتل قائم مقام خطاء "قائم مقام خطاء کی صورت یہ ہے کہ ایک شخص سویا ہو ا تھا ، اس نے کروٹ لی اور کروٹ لیتے ہو ئے کسی دوسرے شخص پر گر ا اور ا س کے بوجھ سے وہ شخص ہلاک ہو گیا تو اس صورت کا حکم قتل خطاء کا سا ہے "199 قتل قائم مقام خطاء کے احکام 1۔ قاتل پر کفارہ واجب ہوتا ہے ۔ 2۔ دوسرا حکم قاتل کی مددگار برادری پر دیت واجب ہو گی۔ جیسا کہ حضرت عبداللہ بن مسعود سے روایت ہے کہ رسول اللہ ﷺ نے ارشاد فرمایا " فِي دِيَةِ الْخَطَأِ عِشْرُونَ حِقَّةً وَعِشْرُونَ جَذَعَةً وَعِشْرُونَ بِنْتَ مَخَاضٍ وَعِشْرُونَ بِنْتَ لَبُونٍ وَعِشْرُونَ بَنِي مَخَاضٍ ذُكُورٌ ۔ "200 " قتل خطاءکی دیت میں بیس 20ایسی اونٹنیاں جو تین سال کی ہو کر چوتھے سال میں لگی ہوں اور بیس 20ایسی اونٹنیاں ہیں جو چار برس کی ہو کر پانچویں برس میں لگی ہوں ا ور بیس20 ایسی اونٹنیاں جو ایک برس کی ہو کر دوسرے میں لگی ہوں اور بیس 20اونٹنیاں ایسی جو دو برس کی ہو کر تیسرے برس میں لگی ہوں اور بیس20 ایسے اونٹ ہیں جو ایک برس کے ہو کر دوسرے برس میں لگے ہوں۔ " تیسرا حکم قاتل ، مقتول کی میراث سے محروم ہو جائے گا۔
Today, the whole world is facing the dangerious issues of environmental pollution. There is a lot of piles of garbage, plastic bags and waste are found in common routes and streets, the use of bacterial and antiseptic chemicals, smoking as well as the excessives use of machinery causes the abundance of smoke and due to the noise of vehicles, rugs, motorcycles, factories and airplanes, our daily pollution is increasing daily. As a result, many problems including various types of illness and seasonal variations are becoming a major challenge for today's modern era. In order to deal with it, it is important for us to study and follow the instructions of the Prophet (PBUH). Prophet (PBUH) has taken important measures to protect environmental pollution. He has prescribed some precautionary measures to prevent the spreading of dirt in society and keeping the environment clean to avert the soil pollution. For the purpose of aviation of air pollution, the prophet has ordered to populate it with the livestock andplantation. To cope with water pollution, it was emphasized to keep water clean and cleaness of air from odor and dirt. In this modern era, prevention of environmental pollution without following these instructions is impossible. This article has invesitaged on prevention of enviromental pollution and cleanliness of enviroment in the light of Sīrah.
This research project encompasses the entire aspects of Shah Waliullah's thoughts in the domain of Islamic Jurisprudence (FIQHA), Social and Mysticism in a very logical and analytical approach, highlighting their utility in developing of a progressive and harmonious society. The research work has been developed systematically and chronologically in five chapters. Chapter-I discusses the complete biography of Shah Waliullah's with his academic and linguistic career and his pioneering role in renaissances of Islam in the sub continent. In Chapter-II the focus is made on contemporary position and status of Politics, socio-economic and Mysticism of the era of Shah Waliullah of 18th century as a revolutionary changed of period. It was a time of adversaries and general decline of national level. Chapter-III elaborates with detail of the Islamic Jurisprudence (FIQHA) and prominent sources of Islam i.e. QURAN, SUNNAH, IJMA, QIAS and other authentic sources of Sharia. The legal and constitutional uses of these sources have also been highlighted for the well being of the progressive society. Chapter-IV is purely related with the philosophical and developmental stages of the field of socials evaluation in the vision of Shah Waliullah. It has also been concluded that how to provide smooth and social justice to members of various community and nations. Moreover the complete political management system have also been diagnosed. In Chapter-V focus has been made on two different theories of existence i.e. VVAHDAT-UL-VVUJOOD (unity of existence of IBN-ARABI) and (WAHADAT-UL-SHUJOOD (unity of manifestation) which was put forward by Ahmad-Sirhindi. In the back drop of these two doctrines Shah Waliullah's specific theory in this regard introduced. In this chapter irregularities and adversaries in the society have also been discussed and the remedial measures for their satisfaction have been suggested in the field of Sufisim. Moreover, the significance and influences of inner human spiritual power has been explored and considered extremely helpful on
satisfying the members of the Muslim society.
So, the present comprehensive research reflects the past Islamic cultural heritage as well as the vision
for the future. As an eminent scholar Shah Waliullah's thought study resulted in his distinguishness
bridging so many gaps and help in solving much of the persisting confusion in relevant disciplines viz
Islamic Fiqha, Socials and Mysticsm.