Algae are thaloid organisms comprising of simple photosynthetic organism having unicellular to multicellular organization. Being lower organism, little attention has been paid to document algal resources across the lakes in particular and country in general. The present study was aimed to collect, identify and ecology of the algal flora of Kalar Kahar Lake and its Tributaries. A total of 341 species distributed across 89 genera, 53 families, 29 order, 11 classes and 7 phyla were identified from the study area. Highest number of families were contributed by phylum Bacillariophyta (24), followed by phylum Chlorophyta (13 families), Cyanophyta (11 families). Overall, 32 new taxa were recorded from the study area, out of which, 29 belonged to Bacillariophyta, 02 Cyanophyta and one Chlorophyta. Species richness (SR) was highest in the Lake in July during both the years, followed by August. While in the Tributaries, maximum SR was recorded in August and July during 2010 and 2011 respectively. Overall, 2011 was rich in algal diversity in both the Lake and the Tributaries. Similarly, cell density (D) was higher in 2011 than 2010. Bacillariophyta and Cyanophyta were constantly present in all months in the Lake and the Tributaries. Chlorophyta was present in all months except November in the Lake while in the Tributaries it was absent in January, February and November. Charophyta was present in October, November 2010 and May to July and October during 2011. 12 The highest number of species (α-diversity) was recorded during 2011 from both the Lake and the Tributaries (193 and 175 respectively), followed by the Tributaries (161 spp.) and the Lake (159 spp.) in 2010. There was opposite trend in the case of beta diversity (β) in which highest value was recorded during 2010. Maximum β-diversity was recorded from the Lake (2.14), followed by the Tributaries (2.12). Highest species were shared by Lake 2010-Lake 2011 pair (122 species), followed by Tributaries 2010-Tributaries 2011 (106 species), Tributaries 2010- Lake 2010 (83) and Tributaries 2011- Lake 2011(67 species). Amongst habitat pairs, Lake 2010-Lake 2011 possessed highest similarity Index (0.69) with least β-diversity followed by Tributaries 2010-Tributaries 2011 (0.63), Tributaries 2010-Lake 2010 (0.52) and Tributaries 2011- Lake 2011 (0.36). The Shannon–Weaver index in the Lake and the Tributaries varied from 2.14 to 3.42 and from 2.47 to 3.49 respectively suggesting that the water quality is moderately polluted to clean. Based on Importance Value Index (IVI), Microcystis–Nitzschia-Cyclotella formed algal community in the Lake during 2010, while Microcystis-Cladophora- Chara in 2011. In the Tributaries, Chara-Nitzschia-Microcystis and Microcystis- Phormidium-Nitzschia constructed dominant communities during 2010 and 2011 respectively. Water quality parameters viz., temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids , conductivity, total hardness, nitrates, phosphate, sulphate, light transparency, turbidity, iron, copper, zinc, lead and nickel varied significantly (P3 <0.05) amongst all the months during 2010 and 2011. Environmental variables such as dissolved oxygen, turbidity, phosphate, nitrate and total hardness significantly affected cell density (P <0.05) in the Lake, while water temperature, turbidity, phosphate and lead significantly (P <0.05) affected density in the Tributaries. The relationship of algal species with environmental data set was determined by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) using CANOCO software (version 4.2). Overall, environmental data sets such as nitrate, turbidity, copper, transparency, dissolved oxygen (DO) and zinc were found positively correlated in the distribution of specific taxa, while total hardness, water temperature, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and pH were negatively correlated for distribution of various taxa in the Lake during 2010-2011. In the Tributaries, environmental variables such as phosphate, total hardness, zinc, nickel, transparency, chlorophyll a, sulphate, lead, conductivity, TDS, copper and pH had positive relationship with algal composition during both years. DO in 2010 while nitrate and iron during 2011 exhibited negative correlation for algal distribution.
حدود آرڈیننس میں کی جانے والی ترامیم حدود آرڈیننس میں بھی وقت کے گرزنے کے ساتھ ساتھ کچھ تبدیلیاں کی گئی ہیں ،۔ یہ تبدیلیانں زیادہ ترزنا کے حوالے سے ہوئی ہیں ۔ یہ تبدیلیاں مندرجہ ذیل ہیں:
The purpose of this study is to find out the significant effect of self-concept on learning motivation of VII grade students in SMP Negeri 4 Palu on Islamic Religious Education subjects, (2) knowing the effect of learning discipline on learning motivation of VII grade students at SMP Negeri 4 Palu in the eyes of Islamic Religious Education subjects and (3) determine the effect of self-concept and learning discipline on learning motivation of grade VII students in SMP Negeri 4 Palu on Islamic Religious Education subjects. This study uses a quantitative approach. The population in this study were 220 class VII students of SMP Negeri 4 Palu. The sample was determined using proportional random sampling technique using a formula developed by Isaac and Michael, so that a sample of 135 students was obtained. Primary data were obtained using a questionnaire. Data analysis techniques include descriptive analysis, and regression tests using simple regression and multiple regression. The results showed that (1) There was a significant influence between self-concept on learning motivation of VII grade students in SMP Negeri 4 Palu on Islamic Religious Education subjects, with a significance level of 5%, the magnitude of the effect of self-concept variables on students' learning motivation was 0, 615 means having a high influence (2) There is a significant influence between learning discipline on learning motivation of VII grade students in SMP Negeri 4 Palu on Islamic Religious Education subjects, with a significance level of 5%, the magnitude of the effect of the discipline of learning variables on motivation student learning is 0, 565, (3) There is a significant influence between self-concept and learning discipline on learning motivation of grade VII students in SMP Negeri 4 Palu on Islamic Religious Education subjects, with a significance level of 5%, the high influence of concept variables self and discipline of learning towards learning motivation of VII grade students of SMP Nege ri 4 Palu in Islamic Religious Education subjects is 0, 615. The contribution of self-concept variables and learning discipline to learning motivation variables is R2 x 100% or 0, 6152 x 100% = 37.9%, the remaining 62.1% is determined by other variables outside of this study include the level of interest, talent, attention, parenting parents and others.
For developing the simulation techniques applicable to engineering system, the modeling of a vertical inverted U–tube steam generator (UTSG) operating in a Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) has been carried out for finding the temperature distribution, optimum boiling length in the tube and addressing the interaction of technical and environmental factors involved in the system. Modeling of a system consists of three stages: (i) Development of computer code, (ii) Application of the model in the steam generator, (iii) Evaluation of the model in the power plant. Computer model has the ability for optimization of steam generator parameters to be used in simulation. The steam generator modeling for the temperature distributions comprises of development of a specific mathematical model considering the real engineering constraints. The modeling approach used for the simulation of a conventional boiler has to be revised, since the heat transfer regime in each tube can not be fixed by the equipment design. General equations have to be used for each tube of the boiler and the actual heat transfer conditions in the tube has to be identified. The solution of the model has been discussed analytically under steady state conditions. Empirical equations are available to predict the saturation temperature in each region of the steam generator. The computed results show the temperature distribution of the primary fluid along the whole length of the tube and the point of saturation temperature, where steam formation starts. The behaviours of important parameters involved in the process are studied by the comparison of simulated results. The analytical solution is based on certain simplifying assumptions, which to some extent limits the scope of its applicability. A numerical simulation technique has been developed by adopting Euler–Cauchy method to obtain a solution independent of the assumptions made in the analytical solution. This makes the model more realistic and flexible and enables to find the relative temperature distribution behaviours of the primary and secondary fluids in UTSG and an optimum boiling length of the tube (Lb). The main advantage of the proposed method is that it permits a better understanding of the influence of the design parameters on the cycle performance. A boundary condition needs to be prescribed along the tube to start calculations.7 The solution of the model has also been discussed under unsteady (Transient) conditions. To simulate the transients, the mathematical model is discretised in terms of time and space coordinates. The flow model in transient state is used to derive a time dependent finite difference simulation technique which gives the relative temperature distributions of the fluids and an optimum boiling length (Lb) with respect to time from 0.0% Reactor Power (RP) level to 100% RP level. For further analysis, the graphs of the temperature distributions of secondary and primary fluids are drawn at specified intervals of time. These results can be used for a multi–objective optimization of the steam generator in future. The model provides a significant analytical capabilities for the specialists working in the field of NPP safety. The purpose of the work is to predict the behaviour of steam generator working in NPP and to help correctly for defining the operator action validation and verification of Emergency Operating Instruction (EOIs). The model is practically feasible under prevailing constraints. Evaluation of the model in terms of calibration, sensitivity and verification yields a good agreement between observed and computed results (hydrograph) of the steam generator and its components. The work on unsteady (transient) heat flow in a UTSG is very scarce in the literature. Mostly, the steady flow problems have been discussed. Few attempts have been made regarding the transient flows. Keeping the above facts in view, the entire work of the present thesis is organized as follows: Chapter 1 consists of some introductory remarks, complete modeling process, explanation of computer codes, the physical model and general features of Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) and Nuclear Steam Generator (NSG). Objectives, scope of study and previous work are also mentioned in this chapter. Chapter 2 studies the basic preliminaries relevant to the laws for system analysis and energy balance equations. Parallel and counter flow heat exchangers and their temperature distributions with length are explained. Shell and tube and multipass shell and tube heat exchangers are also discussed. Heat exchangers effectiveness against the number of transfer units is described at the end of this chapter. Chapter 3 describes modeling and simulation of the steam generator in steady state – a case study. The formulation of the mathematical model and its analytical solution are given. Equation which governs the primary side incompressible fluid flow in8 a UTSG is also modeled here. Model layout and solution procedure is also discussed in this chapter. One fortunate outcome of the graphical approach works best to find percentage changes in the outlet temperature of the primary fluid corresponding to any desired changes in the mass flow rate (m) and the factor Rh. The results of this chapter are published in “Pakistan Journal of Scientific Research, Vol. 60, pp. 40–43, (2008)”. Chapter 4 is concerned with the formulation of numerical models for primary and secondary of fluids. The numerical scheme evaluates the temperature distribution of the primary fluid relative to the temperature distribution of the secondary fluid and vice– versa for the user specified input data. An iterative procedure is followed until the program converges for an optimum boiling length of the tube using relative error criteria. A reasonable agreement between experimental observations and numerical solutions is presented through graphs. These results are published in “Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 4, pp. 74–79, (2009)”. Chapter 5 deals with the solution of the model of UTSG in transient condition. The flow model in transient state is used to derive a time dependent finite difference simulation technique which gives the relative temperature distributions of the fluids and an optimum boiling length (Lb) with respect to time from 0.0% Reactor Power (RP) level to 100% RP level. The results obtained from the suggested models have been found to be in good agreement with the experimental data. The contents of this chapter are published in “Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 5, pp. 10–15, (2009)”. Some observations from chapter 5 have also been accepted for publication in “International Journal of Mathematical Modeling, Simulation and Applications, (2009)”. To upgrade the existing control system, an improved control strategy can be developed. The numerical simulation techniques show that the procedures are effective and can be used for a multi–objective optimization of the steam generator in future.