Home > The Efficiency of Press Mud, a Sugar Mill By-Product, As an Alternative and Cheaper Source of Phosphorus Fertilizer in Semi-Intensive Fish Culture System
The Efficiency of Press Mud, a Sugar Mill By-Product, As an Alternative and Cheaper Source of Phosphorus Fertilizer in Semi-Intensive Fish Culture System
The commercial and conventional organic and inorganic fertilizers being used in Fish Culture System are usually very costly and sometimes their availability is also a big issue. Hence, there is a dire need of the time to search for alternate and cheaper sources to meet the need of the day and covering financial inflation, too. For this purpose, Sugar Press Mud (SPM), a by-product of Sugar Industry was taken into consideration to be a targeted organic Fertilizer / Manure in Semi-Intensive Fish Culture System taking Indian Major Carp, Labeo rohita (Rohu) as a selected fish. A series of experiments were conducted on SPM for its proper futuristic application to the fish ponds. These included its physico-chemical analysis; macro- and micro-nutrients profile along with heavy metal determination; temperature and pH influences on available phosphate releases from SPM and its further effects on fish survival and growth; determination of suitable application rates of SPM for Semi-intensive Fish Culture System and its comparison with other available, already in use manures like Cow dung (CD) and Poultry droppings (PD). The physico-chemical analysis of SPM samples including pH, total Alkalinity, total Hardness, Electric Conductivity and Total Dissolved Solids fulfilled the criteria for Aquaculture needs and were found in accordance with desirable ranges established by WHO, 1986; Boyd, 1990; FEPA, 1991; EPA USA, 1976 and UNECE, 1994. The multi-elemental analysis indicated that SPM contained luxuriously high amounts of macro-nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S); moderate levels of micro-nutrients (B, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Sr and Zn) availability along with the safer levels of toxic elements (Al, Ba, Cd, La, Li and Pb). The total and available released levels of phosphate from SPM samples at an application rate @ 8000 kg ha−1 were evaluated and found minimum at 0.01 mgL-1 to a maximum of 72.66 mgL-1 for total phosphate, respectively and from a minimum of 0.01 mgL-1 to a maximum of 4.13 mgL-1 for available phosphate, respectively. The effects of temperature and seasons on release of available phosphates trends from SPM as a Phosphate fertilizer @ 10,000 kg hac-1 at three different pH ranges i.e., 6.1-7.0, 7.1-8.0 and 8.1-9.0 in comparison with rock phosphate (RP) was evaluated. It was observed that the phosphate releases always increased periodically with high temperature in summer. However, amongst two fertilizers, press mud of sugar mills proved to be highly rich in the available phosphate-phosphorus and released it at a significantly and fairly higher rate as compared to the rock phosphate. It was further recorded that maximum release was observed in experimental aquaria fortified with press mud of sugar mills maintained at pH level 6.1-7.0. The most suitable pH ranges for efficient phosphate releases, physico-chemical suitability of water and for obtaining better survival and growth targets of Labeo rohita was also appraised which was found to be in the range 7.5-8.5. The best fertilization rates evaluation studies of SPM were undertaken which proved 8000 kg hac-1 at the first priority level followed by 10,000, 12,000 kg hac-1 while least with 6000 kg hac-1 with respect to P-PO4 release from SPM, physico-chemical suitability of water, survival and growth rates of Labeo rohita with a stocking density of 15000 Fish fry / hectare. The SPM compared in combination with Cow dung and Poultry droppings concluded that SPM (100%) was best followed by combination of SPM (67%) + CD (33%) and CD (67%) + SPM (33%) while the ranges observed in SPM (67%) + PD (33%) fertilization ratio were mostly unsuitable. The SPM feasibility in fish polyculture systems with a combination of Indian Major Carps and Chinese Carps revealed the best fish growths was shown by Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. The best survival rate was provided by Ctenopharyngodon idella followed by Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. On the basis of our research, Sugar Press Mud can be considered as a good optional organic futuristic Aquaculture fertilizer leading to more sustainable, economical and environment friendly systems due to its phosphates availability and nutrients recycling.
Challenges are part of the ways of life, and the Islamic world is suffering of the rupture and differentiates internal conflicts, and the chaos of thought and delayed civilization. The most prominent of these challenges, which the Islamic world is facing, is the phenomenon of globalization. Which included the three worlds, and sought to dominate them, and melt the people’s properties and this is what precipitated the emergence of numerous drawbacks, and the researcher specially mentioned, negative aspects of identity, ethics and the environment. Young people who are the hope and asset of this nation are able to turn dreams into realities, and hopes to practical projects, and ambitions to the visible achievements. They are worthwhile, and the most capable and powerful to meet these challenges. If they grasp the necessary requirements that qualify and stables them to face it and take advantage of its goodness, and avoid disadvantage. But if they stationed, and failed to do their duty, they offered loss and destruction to themselves and nation. Curriculum should be prepared in accordance with the system of Islamic values, which are the individual configuration integrated, in belief, thought, and behavior, and attention to the development of the curriculum, and make it combines tradition and modernity, and the distinction between fixed and variable, and have superior mental abilities. All these issues are addressed in this research the negative impact of globalization on the environment, ethics and then showed the importance of taking care of the human development of young people, through various training programs that earn young people skills, science, and sophisticated learning methodical thinking, proper planning, and positive participation in society, and carry responsibility, and foster in them the ability to dialogue and to develop in them the spirit of creativity and scientific research and rational dealing with crises, and tribulations, and the ability to solve problems and meet the challenges of globalizatio
Sperm selection is of significance for cryopreservation procedures, in vitro fertilization and for production of desired sex of the offspring. Present study was planned to evaluate sperm separation methods (swim-up (SU), sephadex filtration (S-G15) and glass wool filtration (GWF)) for freezability (Objective 1) plus in vitro fertilization rate of buffalo semen (Objective 2); and to evaluate pre-freeze selection methods (modified swim up and sucrose density gradient techniques) for production of X and Y bearing sperm (SYBR green rt-PCR, Objective 3) confirmed through in-vivo fertility trials (objective 4). For this purpose semen was collected from five mąture Nilį Ravį buffąlo buļls kept at Semen Production Unit (SPU), Qadirabad District Sahiwal, Pakistan with artificial vagina (40 ˚C). For Objective 1, qualifying ejaculates from each bull were pooled and divided into aliquots and processed by swim-up, Sephadex filtration, glass wool filtration and routine procedure (control). After separation, semen was cryopreserved and evaluated in terms of post-thaw quality and in vitro fertility rate. The results indicate that total and motile sperm recovery rate was higher in samples processed through GWF, while post-thaw quality were improved (P < 0.05) in sperm selected by S-G15 and GWF (some parameters) compared to control. The sperm selected through S-G15 prior to cryopreservation showed highest (P < 0.05) embryo cleavage rate (%) compared to control. Methods of sperm preparation were evaluated for in vitro fertility rate (of cryopreserved semen (Objective 2). In vitro matured buffalo oocytes were fertilized by semen processed by routine procedure (control) or selected through swim-up, Sephadex filtration and glass wool filtration. Highest total and motile sperm recovery rate achieved through Glass wool filtration xxv while improved (P < 0.05) sperm quality (progressive motility, membrane integrity, viability, livability) was achieved by sephadex filtration. Sperm selection by S-G15 yielded higher in vitro fertility rate (in terms of cleavage rate) compared to glass wool filtration and swim-up (control). For objective 3, two separate experiments (modified Swim up and Sucrose density gradient) were conducted for sex sorting (X and Y bearing spermatozoa). In each experiment, semen was collected; qualifying ejaculates were pooled and processed by routine procedure (control) or sperm sexing techniques (modified swim-up and Sucrose density gradient). After separation, semen was diluted in trįs-cįtric acįd extendėr and cryopreserved usįng stąndąrd techniquės. Cryopreserved samples were analyzed for relative expression of presumptive X and Y bearing sperm in respective sexed doses by SYBR Green rt-PCR using SRY and PLP gene primers and post thaw semen quality. Using swim up technique, X chromosome bearing sperm fraction showed significantly higher sperm recovery rates, pre-freeze and post-thaw sperm quality than Y chromosome bearing fraction and control. X bearing sperm showed significantly higher (4–5 fold) mean fold relative expression in presumptive X bearing sperm fraction of supernatant than Y bearing fraction (0.06 fold), similarly Y bearing sperm was also showed significantly higher mean fold relative expression in Y bearing fraction (4 fold) of supernatant than X bearing fraction (0.15 fold) compared to control (1.00). For sucrose density gradient, X sorted sperm fractions showed significantly higher sperm recovery rates, pre-freeze and post-thaw sperm quality than Y sorted sperm fraction and control. X sorted fraction has comparable (1.6 fold) mean fold relative expression of X bearing sperm than Y sorted fractions (0.3 fold) whereas Y bearing sperm fraction showed significantly higher mean fold relative expression in Y xxvi sorted sperm (2.66 fold) fraction of supernatant than X sorted fractions (0.69 fold) compared to control (1.00). Sexed semen doses were evaluated for field fertility trials during peak breeding season to check the accuracy of method (Objective 4). From results it is concluded that sperm selection by sephadex filtration prior to and after cryopreservation showed improved quality and yielded better fertilization rates (in term of cleavage rate) of in vitro matured/ fertilized oocytes. Validation of modified swim up method by real time PCR and in vivo fertility trial (significantly higher production of female calf i.e. ~ 78%) proved that this method would be effective for Nili-Ravi buffalo sperm sexing for production of female calf. A sucrose density gradient method may be useful for production of male Nili-Ravi buffalo male calf.