اسم ِ استفہامیہ :أنّٰی کہاں؟
ارشادِ ربانی ہے:
"اَنّٰى لَهُمُ الذِّكْرٰى وَقَدْ جَاءَهُمْ رَسُوْلٌ مُّبِيْنٌ"۔ [[1]]
"ان کے لئے نصیحت کہاں ہے؟ کھول کھول کر بیان کرنے والے پیغمبر ان کے پاس آچکے"۔
رسولِ مُبین کے دو مطلب ہیں ۔
ایک یہ کہ اس کا رسول ہونا اس کی سیرت، اس کے اخلاق و کردار اور اس کے کارناموں سے عیاں ہے۔
دوسرا یہ کہ اس نے حقیقت کو کھول، کھول کر بیان کرنے میں کوئی کسر نہیں اٹھا رکھی ہے۔اُس وقت یہ ماننے کا کوئی فائدہ نہیں : سو ارشاد فرمایا گیا کہ " اس وقت ان کے لیے نصیحت کا کوئی موقع کہاں باقی رہا جبکہ اس سے پہلے آچکے انکے پاس کھول کر بیان کرنے والے ایک عظیم الشان رسول " ۔ ایسے عظیم الشان رسول جن کی صداقت و حقانیت روز روشن کی طرح واضح تھی۔ اور واضح ہے۔ مگر پھر بھی یہ لوگ ایمان نہیں لائے تو اس کے بعد اب کیسے اور کیا ایمان لائیں گے؟ سو اس وقت ان کی تذلیل و تخجیل کیلئے اللہ کی طرف سے انکو یہ جواب دیا جائے گا۔ بہرکیف ارشاد فرمایا گیا کہ اِعلانِ حق کے پہنچ جانے اور اس کے دیکھ لینے کے بعد ایمان لانے اور نصیحت قبول کرنے کا موقع کہاں باقی رہے گا۔ بالخصوص جبکہ انکے پاس اِتمامِ حجت کیلئے اللہ تعالیٰ کی طرف سے ایک ایسا عظیم الشان رسول بھی پہنچ گیا جس نے انکے سامنے حق کو پوری طرح واضح کرکے اور نکھار کر بیان کر دیا تھا۔ لیکن انہوں نے اس کی بات کو مان کر نہ دیا سو ایمان لانے کا وہ موقع جب گزر گیا تو...
The relationship between Pakistan and America has always been a focus of the media of both countries as well as the international media. Even a slight shift in the policies of these two countries for each other is capable of making newspaper headlines and attracting maximum attention of the press of both countries. This study is a comparative analysis of the editorial pages of daily Dawn (English) and daily Jang (Urdu) to explore the agenda setting role of two of Pakistan’s oldest and most credible newspapers, vis-à-vis the Pakistan-US relationship. The research takes into consideration a total of 20 years of Pakistan-US relations by dividing the period into two groups which are ten years before the incident of 9/11 and ten years after 9/11. This understudied period is specifically important because the relations between Pakistan and America during these phases have vacillated between periods of engagements, wherein Pakistan enjoyed the status of the most favoured ally without compromising its regional interest, and the periods of disengagements wherein Pakistan faced sanctions from the US and was left alone to deal with the aftermath of the Afghan war and the War on Terrorism. Hence, this study obtains interesting insights about how the two Pakistani newspapers which represent the Urdu and the English press of Pakistan highlighted the agenda-setting role of the press through the coverage of the issues between Pakistan and US on their editorial pages.
Translation as an Act of Manipulation: Kiernan's Translation of Iqbal The present research aims to explore the translated text as an incident or site of manipulative literature. Manipulation is reflected as an intention in Translation Studies. Translation Studies have been recognized as a flourishing and successful field of knowledge by scholars of linguistics, literary study, history, anthropology, psychology and the like. These fields contribute theoretically to Translation Studies. The researcher has selected translation/s of the indigenous text as Source Language text created by Doctor Muhammad Iqbal in Urdu rendered into English (as Target Language text) by Victor Gordon Kiernan. These literary translations in the poetic form as test cases illustrate the manipulation ideologies dictated by translation theory and/or translatology. The focus is on the linguistic elements that are partially translated and are left un-translated during the act of translation. Such linguistic items appear as borrowings, calque, modulation and adaptation. These linguistic elements serve as tools and become yardstick for manipulation analysis of the translated text. The analysis is brought about with the help of textual and critical discourse analysis of the sample poems. The translated text serves as a premise to draw attention to the apparent lacuna or breach in passing on the (original) meanings during the act of translation. The translation norms as well as the translator’s language are influential in dictating the meaning within a text. A host of indigenous translators who have also done the poetry of Iqbal in English have also been included to explore the aporias, if any, created by the foreign translator (Kiernan). As meaning in a language is always context-bound and situation relevant, there exist a linguistic distance between the source and target languages. Similarly, a cultural distance between the two language communities also exists. That is why, the central function of translation as a powerful shaping force in a socio-cultural political set up is highlighted. The act becomes manipulative yet creative. Manipulation cannot be taken as a bias to condemn the translated literature. It comes up as the evolution of creation of new meanings in distant linguistic and cultural set ups.