Salinity is an abiotic stress that can significantly reduce the crop productivity. The primary purpose of the research was to explore the breeding potential of cotton for salinity tolerance. For this purpose, 50 cotton genotypes were grown at control, 10 dS m-1 and 15 dS m-1 salt stress conditions at seedlings stage. Variations were observed for all the genotypes for chlorophyll contents, root and shoot length, fresh shoot and root weight, dry root and shoot weight, Na+, K+ and K+/Na+. The genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variance was moderate to high, heritability and genetic advance was also high, which indicated that genotypes can be improved for salinity tolerance at seedlings stage through selection. The genotypes that performed better for the characters having high heritability were selected as tolerant genotypes whereas the genotypes that performed poor for characters were considered salt sensitive. NIAB-824, FH-312, FH-118, MNH-992, CIM-612 and KEHKSHAN were found salt tolerant and SB-149, BS-80 and FH-114 were found salt sensitive genotypes. The Line × Tester mating design was used to find out the genetic components for yield (Plant height, Number of bolls, boll weight and seed cotton yield), fiber traits (fiber fineness, fiber strength, fiber length and ginning out turn), ionic traits (Na+, K+ and K+/Na+) and physiological traits (H2O2, SOD, POD, CAT and TSP) at control, 10 dSm-1 and 15 dSm-1 salt stress conditions. Analysis of variance indicated that there were significant differences among genotypes. The salt stress caused the reduction in all traits except Na+, ginning out turn percentage, H2O2 and SOD. Non- additive gene action was found for yield, fiber, ionic and physiological traits except Na+ ions which indicated the additive gene action. Proportional contribution to total variance for all the traits was maximally contributed by the lines whereas tester’s contribution was less. Among lines, KEHKSHAN was the best general combiner for plant height, number of bolls and seed cotton yield under control, 10 dSm-1 and 15 dSm-1 and FH-312 was best general combiner for fiber fineness, fiber length, fiber strength, ginning out turn percentage and catalase under control, 10 dSm-1 and 15 dSm-1 salt stress and FH-118 had highest GCA effects for K+ concentration, SOD and TSP under control and salt stress. Among testers FH-114 was best general combiner for most of the traits. SB-149 had positive significant GCA effects for fiber fineness, fiber length, fiber strength, POD and catalase under control and salt stress. KEHKSHAN×FH-114 had positive and significant specific combining ability effects for most of the traits and hybrid KEHKSHAN × FH-114 also indicated highly significant mid-parent and better parent heterosis for most of the studied traits. The selected hybrid can be utilized in the future breeding programs against salt stress.
The study investigated the relationship of the multiple intelligences of the Bachelor of Secondary Education students and their teachers in their major subjects. Four hundred eighty-five (485) BSED students and twenty-two (22) teachers in their respective major subjects participated. The result demonstrates statistically significant in the multiple intelligences of the Bachelors of Secondary Education Major in Technology and Livelihood Education and Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health and their teachers in their respective major subjects. However, result also demonstrates no significance in the multiple intelligences of the Bachelors of Secondary Education Major in Filipino, English, and Mathematics and their teachers in their respective major subjects. The study shows that the dominant intelligences of the BSED students and their teachers in their major subjects are the interpersonal, intrapersonal, and their suited intelligences for their major subjects. The result evidently showed that the BSED students and their major teachers are people and self smart. This only shows that as a teacher, one should know how to socialize appropriately with others and have a deeper understanding with themselves. It also showed that the teachers are really smarter than their students in their major field of specialization. Educators must also consider the multiple intelligences of their students to fully develop their learning capabilities.
Nanotechnology has endorsed enormous development in material science to formulate innovative products by manipulating matter at nano-scale. Due to certain limitations associated with conventional physico-chemical synthesis protocols, novel techniques are still being pursued for fabrication of nanomaterials. Among these protocols, biological synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extract has been considered comparatively, eco-friendly, efficient and cost-effective. This thesis presents study on the investigation of different parts of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus citriodora for their ability to synthesize silver nanoparticles. Further, work on the nature and scope of nanoparticles in different applications has been reported. A green synthesis route for the production of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extracts of leaves stems and fruit of E. camaldulensis and E. citriodora was explored. Five solutions with varying concentration of plant material were prepared for each of three parts i.e. leaves, stems and fruit of both plant. Among these thirty (30) collected samples, six were selected for further analysis and applications depending upon the information collected from their UV-Vis spectra. Three samples from each plant including one sample for each part were collected. 1 Mm silver nitrate solution was mixed with plant extract at 45 °C under basic medium with stirring time 30 min and formation of silver nanoparticles was observed through color change from light yellow to dark brown Thus synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, having a surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) band centered at 406 nm, Dispersity and morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Crystalline nature and purity of synthesized silver nanoparticles were revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). FTIR spectrum was examined to identify the effective functional molecules responsible for the reduction and stabilization of silver nanoparticles synthesized by extracts of parts of plants. For the selected six samples, the effect of time and temperature variation was also observed. The results showed that time of reaction, temperature and concentration of extract could accelerate the reduction rate of Ag+ and also affect the size and shape of Ag NPs. The nanoparticles were found to be about 50 nm to 100 nm in size, mono-dispersed in nature and spherical in shape. xi The investigated applications of Ag NPs include catalytic degradation of different dyes and antimicrobial activity. The work emphasizes the effect of the size of silver nanoparticles on the degradation rate of hazardous dyes like methyl orange, methylene blue and eosin Y by NaBH4. The efficiency of silver nanoparticles as a promising candidate for the catalysis of degradation of organic dyes by NaBH4 through the electron transfer process is established in the present study. Catalytic degradation of methyl orange, methylene blue and Eosin Y was measured spectrophotometrically under visible light illumination. These processes were studied by monitoring the simultaneous decrease in the height of absorbance peak of dye solution and increase in the height or shifting of plasmon peak corresponding to silver nanoparticles. The results showed that silver nanoparticles are an efficient catalyst for degradation of dyes and their efficiency depends on morphology of nanoparticles. Biosynthesized samples of silver nanoparticles were found to be impressive in degrading methyl orange. The finalized six samples were also used to evaluate their antimicrobial activity against two bacterial strains, one from gram-positive and one from gram-negative. The zone inhibition results were found to be in comparison of reference standard of Streptomycin. Among the prepared samples of both plants, six were forwarded for further evaluation and their sizes and shapes were related to time, pH, temperature and concentration of plant extract. After complete characterization, these were evaluated for degradation of dyes and antimicrobial behavior. Both of the applications were assisted through notably prominent results.